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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Unit 2: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin which accounts for 15% of a person’s body.

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2
Q

Skin function

A

Protects our bodies from trauma, acts as a barrier to bacteria and viruses, protects us from UV rays, secretes waste products, protects underlying tissue against fluid loss, stores lipids, produces vitamin D, and regulates body temperature. It also senses touch, pressure, and heat.

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of the skin. Composed of 4 or 5 layers. It is rich in keratin and conatins 4 different cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.

Does not contain blood cells but receives nutrients from capillaries in the dermis below.

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4
Q

Dermis

A

Beneath the epidermis and is thicker. Responsible for elasticity and strength of the skin. supplies the epidermis with nutrients, and is an important part in thermoregulation.

Contains 2 types of fibers: collagen (strength and resistance) and elastic (recoil).

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5
Q

Papillary region

A

One of two dermis sublayers; composed of areolar connective tissue and is formed by protrusions of dermis into epidermis. Protrusions have capillary blood vessels and this region has tactile receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles). 20% of dermis.

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6
Q

Reticular region

A

Composed of dense connective tissue containing thick bundles of collagen fibers giving the skin strength. 80% of dermis.

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7
Q

Hypodermis

A

Known as the subcutaneous layer. It is not considered a skin layer and is under the dermis. Composed of connective tissue that has fat, blood vessels, and sensory receptors. It is a protective cushion and insulator.

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8
Q

What are the 3 pigments that contribute towards skin color?

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene.

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9
Q

Melanin

A

Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale of epidermis. Helps to protect skin from UV radiation. Most abundant in the penis, nipples, areolae, face, and limbs.

Number of melanocytes are the same throughout the human race but the amount of pigment varies.

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10
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells. When oxygenated it appears red.

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11
Q

Carotene

A

Precursor to Vitamin A and produces orange color. Stored in stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous layers.

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12
Q

4 main types of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.

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13
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermal cells. Produce keratin which is a tough and fibrous protein that protects the skin. Produce lamellar granules which release water-repellent substances. (Mature from square to flat cells).

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14
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% of epidermal cells and produce melanin granules. Melinin absorbs UV radiation so they protect from damage. Have protrusions that transfer melanin granules to the keratinocytes.

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15
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Part of the immune system and can recognize foreign microbes, engulf and destroy them and present their antigens to immune system for further action.

Originate in bone marrow before migrating to the epidermis.

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16
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Tactile cells are found at the border between the epidermis and the dermal layer. Each cell is associated with a sensory nerve ending (a merkel disc) and together they act as a slowly-adapting touch receptor.

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17
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Most superficial layer of the epidermis. 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes. They have lost their organelles and have become keratinized. Glycolipids here make skin waterproof and help prevent water loss.

Resists friction and protects skin from physical damage. Thick over soles of feet and palms of hands.

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18
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only found in hairless, thick skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles of feet. Additional layer btwn stratum granulosum and corneum. 3-5 layers of flat dead keratinocytes. Clear and thick plasma membrane.

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19
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3–5 layers of mature keratinocytes. @ types of granule: keratohyalin and lamellar (water-resistant glycolipids).

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20
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Consists of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomal connections. Langerhans calls, epidermal dendritic cells, and melanin granules are also present in this layer.

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21
Q

Stratum basale

A

A single layer of cuboidal-shaped cells on the basale membrane. This layer contains stem cells, keratinocytes and melanocytes. AKA steatum germinativum bc of its role in cell germination (new skin cell production at the basal membrane pushing the older cells toward the surface).

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22
Q

Most superficial to most deep layers of the epidermis

A

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.

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23
Q

Hairy skin

A

Thin skin. Epidermis lacks the strata lucidum layer and both the strata spinosum and stratum corneum are very thin. Sebaceous glands are present but sudoriferous glands and sensory receptors are sparsely distributed.

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24
Q

Non-hairy skin

A

Thicker epidermis; the stratum lucidum, spinosum, and corneum are much thicker. Hair follicles and sebaceous glands are absent whereas sudoriferous glands and sensory receptors are abundant.

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25
Q

Where are new cells formed?

A

Stratum basale.

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26
Q

Keratinization

A

Keratin is added to cells in the stratum granulosum.

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27
Q

What molecule is produced by lamellar granules in the stratum granulosum?

A

Glycolipid

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28
Q

Which of the following growth factors is associated with the overall regulation of skin growth?

A

Epidermal growth factors

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29
Q

Which of the following layers of the epidermis contains new stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes?

A

Stratum basale

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30
Q

3 types of glands found in the skin

A

Sebaceous glands- secrete sebum to soften the skin and hair.

Sweat glands- secrete salt and water as sweat, the evaporation helps to lower body temperature.

Ceruminous glands- secrete cerumen in the external ear, protecting, lubricating, and cleaning it.

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31
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

flask-shaped glands in the dermis are abundant throughout the body but absent on the palms and soles. Most glands open in hair follicles however in areas around lips, glans penis, labia minora, and tarsal glands of the eyelids open directly onto the skin.

32
Q

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

A

Two types of sweat glands: merocrine and apocrine. They consist of simple, coiled tubes embedded in the dermis or hypodermis that open into the hair follicles or directly onto the skin’s surface.

33
Q

Sensible perspiration vs insensible perspiration

A

sweat is secreted and forms a visible layer vs sweat is secreted but evaporates before a visible layer is formed.

34
Q

Merocrine glands

A

AKA eccrine gland; more abundant of the two types of sweat glands and are found all over the skin. High concentration on the palms and soles of the feet, Consist of a twisted tube within the dermis which opens onto the surface of the skin as a sweat pore. Sweat from this gland contains water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, and lactic acid.

Activated by sympathetix nervous system in response to hyperthermia. Sweat to cool the body and emotional stress.

35
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Large sweat glands that develop during puberty mainly located in the armpits and anogenital areas. Mammary glands within the breast are a specialized type of apocrine sweat glands. Located in the dermis and the ducts open into a hair follicle. They produce viscous off-white secretion containing merocrine sweat plus additional fatty organic compounds.

36
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands located deep in the subcutaneous layer of the external ear. Earwax is the combination of sebaceous and ceruminous gland secretions.

37
Q

Shaft and root

A

The region of hair extending beyond the epidermis. The root is the region of the hair which penetrates the dermis deep into the shaft.

38
Q

Bulb

A

Onion shaped structure deep in the dermis where cell growth occurs. Hair.

39
Q

3 layers of cells in the shaft

A

Medulla - formed by 2-3 layers of irregularly shaped cells located in the center of the hair.

Cortex - layers of elongated cells surrounding the medulla, forming a significant part of the hair structure.

Cuticle - a single layer of thin flat cells that are heavily keratinized.

40
Q

What is the hair follicle composed of?

A

Epithelial sheath root sheath and dermal root sheath.

41
Q

Epithelial root sheath

A

Surrounds the hair root and bulb and is comprised of an external component (inward continuation of epidermis) and an internal component (produced by hair matrix and forms a sheath between the external root and hair).

42
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

A dense region of the dermis that surrounds the hair.

43
Q

Site of hair growth

A

The bulb.

44
Q

The papilla of the hair

A

Within the bulb is an indentation called the papilla, which contains blood vessels and connective areolar tissue.

45
Q

Hair matrix

A

Within the bulb; a germinal layer of cells surrounds the papilla of the hair and gives rise to all cells within a hair, including the internal sheath root.

46
Q

Melanocyte

A

Produces melanin which protects from UV radiation, partly responsible for hair color.

47
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

“goosebumps”; helps whit thermoregulation for animals with thick fur. It is a smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle.

48
Q

Hair growth cycles

A

Growth stage - anagen stage; cells in the matrix multiply and force older cells to become keratinized and die by pushing them up. Takes 2-6 years in the scalp.

Regression stage - catagen stage; occurs when the hair matrix stop dividing, preventing further growth. The hair follicle then shrinks. Takes 2-3 weeks.

Resting stage - telogen stage; metabolic activity is reduced and the hair eventually falls out after 3 months.

49
Q

Nail Plate

A

The nail plate is the translucent, visible portion of the fingernail and lies dorsally at the distal end of the digit, overlying the nail bed.

50
Q

Nail plate: root

A

The proximal end of the nail, which lies beneath the skin and extends several millimeters into the finger.

51
Q

Nail plate: body

A

The main portion of the nail that overlies the nail bed.

52
Q

Nail plate: free edge

A

The distal overhang of nail plate over the pulp of the digit.

53
Q

Nail Bed

A

Also known as the sterile matrix, it is a type of connective tissue that lies beneath the nail plate. It adds material (in the form of keratin) just below the nail, making it thicker and stronger as it grows forwards.

54
Q

Nail Lunule

A

The white, half-moon-shaped area at the proximal end of the nail.

55
Q

Nail Matrix

A

Also known as the germinal matrix, it is the layer of keratinocytes that surround the nail root. A major part of active nail growth takes place in this region.

56
Q

Nail Hyponychium

A

Underneath the free edge of the nail is an area called the hyponychium, or nail bed, which is a thickened area of skin made from the stratum corneum. It serves to secure the nail to the fingertip.

57
Q

Thermoreception

A

consisting of free nerve endings, detect temperature. Thermoreceptors adapt quickly to a stimulus, but also continue to generate impulses at a lower frequency upon continued stimulation.

58
Q

Cold receptors

A

found in the stratum basale. Stimulated by temperatures 50-105 degrees Fahrenheit.

Below 50 degrees stimulate pain receptors.

59
Q

Warm receptors

A

found in the dermis. Stimulated by temps between 90-118 degrees F. Above 118 stimulates pain receptors.

60
Q

Keratin

A

The layers of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium form a physical barrier against pathogens, and protect deeper tissue against abrasion and heat.

61
Q

Sweat

A

Sweat is secreted onto the skin regularly. It is relatively acidic and salty, both of which help inhibit microbial growth.

62
Q

Defensins

A

Epithelial cells produce cationic proteins called defensins which have antimicrobial properties and help prevent the colonization of the skin.

63
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Epidermal Langerhans cells alert the body to pathogens while dermal macrophages engulf viruses and bacteria that have managed to pass thus far.

64
Q

Glycolipids

A

Glycolipids and the oily secretions of the sebaceous glands prevent both the absorption of water into the skin, and excessive evaporation of water from the skin.

65
Q

Normal flora

A

Some non-pathogenic micro-organisms grow on the epidermal surface, which helps prevent colonization by other pathogenic microbes.

66
Q

Evaporation

A

When sweat is secreted onto the surface of the skin, the sweat absorbs heat from the skin and evaporates, effectively taking heat away from the body.

67
Q

Radiation

A

Radiation is the transfer of heat between two objects that are not in contact, e.g., as the body’s average temperature is around 96.8 °F and therefore often warmer than its surroundings, it radiates heat into the external environment. The more surface area of the skin that is exposed, the more heat will be radiated.

68
Q

Conduction

A

Conduction is the transfer of heat between two objects in contact, e.g., if you sit on a cold stone floor, the heat from your body will transfer to the stone and as a result, you will become cooler. Vasodilation brings more warm blood to the surface of the skin, thus increasing heat loss to the external atmosphere via conduction. Vasoconstriction has the opposite effect.

69
Q

Convection

A

the transfer of heat away from an object via the movement of gases or fluids. For example, when the air around the body is warmed by radiation, this air rises, moving away from the body into the surround atmosphere.

70
Q

VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS

A 
starts in the skin. Calcitriol is a biologically active form of 
vitamin D (helps to regulate the level of calcium in the blood).
71
Q

Epidermal Wound healing

A

minor burns (first degree) and abrasions.

72
Q

Deep wound healing

A

injury that penetrates the dermis, thus the healing process is more complex as different tissue levels must be repaired. Normal structure and function is not always completely restored due to the formation of scar tissue.

73
Q

3 phases of deep wound healing

A

Inflammatory hemostasis phase

Proliferation and migratory phase

Maturation and remodeling phase

74
Q

Fibrosis

A

the formation of scar tissue in response to injury.

75
Q

New cells grow from the deepest layer of the epidermis, the…

A

stratum germinativum

76
Q

Ciliary

A

Modified sweat glands at the edge of the eyelid.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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