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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Unit 4: Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 4: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Processing and control center of the nervous system

Stores sensory information, creates thoughts, emotions and memories

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Brain

A

Control center of nervous system

In cranial cavity

Divided into the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum

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3
Q

Spinal cord

A

Continuous with the medulla oblongata and descends into vertebral canal

Consists of 31 segments with 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of cranial and spinal nerves and the special sense organs

Sensory and motor functions

Sensory receptors

Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system

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5
Q

Sensory receptors

A
  • detect changes in the internal and external environment
  • located throughout the body
  • relays information via afferent nerve fibers to the CNS
  • signals from CNS are sent via efferent (motor) nerve fibers to trigger motor responses in glands and muscle tissue.
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6
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary nervous system

Somatic sensory (afferent) nerve fibers transmit sensory info from receptors to CNS

Somatic motor (efferent) fibers relay impulses from CNS to skeletal system

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary nervous system

Autonomic sensory (afferent) fibers that transmit info from receptors (visceral organs) to the CNS.

Autonomic motor (efferent) fibers relay impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

  • sympathic division
  • parasympathetic division
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8
Q

Sympathetic

A

Stimulatory role

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9
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Inhibitory role

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10
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Enteric plexus of nerves extending throughout the GI tract

Involuntary

Peristalsis

Glandular secretion

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11
Q

Peristalsis

A

waves of smooth muscle contraction, propelling food through GI tract

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12
Q

Neurons

A

Sensory neurons

Interneurons

Motor neurons

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13
Q

Sensory neurons

A

transmit stimuli from body to CNS

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

remain within CNS, process and store information

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15
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmit stimuli from CNS to the body

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16
Q

Classifications of neurons

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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17
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

dendrites and a single axon extending as a a fused process from cell body (usually located in ganglia)

dendrites extend individually from cell body and function as sensory receptors

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18
Q

Bipolar

A

Have one dendrite and one axon extending from cell body

Part of special sensory organs: retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory bulb

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19
Q

Multipolar

A

Typically have multiple dendrites and a single axon extending from cell body

Make up majority of the CNS

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20
Q

Neuroglia of CNS

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells

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21
Q

Astrocytes

A

largest and most abundant neuroglia

multiple cytoplasmic processes that extend from star-shaped cell bodies

provides connection with capillaries, neurons, synaptic endings, and pia mater

protoplasmic astrocytes

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22
Q

Astrocytes Function

A

Anchorage to neurons

blood-brain barrier–protects from harmful substances

take up and recycle excess ions and neurotransmitters

Passage for exchange of nutrients between capillaries and neurons

secrete chemicals that guide migration and growth of neuron

repair damaged tissue

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23
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Distinguished by short, branching cytoplasmic processes reside in mater

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24
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

longer, unbranched cytoplasmic processes reside in white matter

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25
Q

Oligodendricytes

A

smaller than astrocytes, with few cytoplasmic processes

wrap tightly around the axons of neurons in the CNS, covering them with layer of myelin sheath for insulation

forms segments of sheath around several axons at once

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26
Q

Microglial cells

A

smallest of neuroglia in the CNS

long, thorn-like cytoplasmic processes extedning from small ovoid cell bodies

27
Q

Ependymal cells

A

single rows of cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells, lining ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord

secrete and monitor CSF

form semi-permeable barrier between csf and the interstitial fluid of the cns

have microvilli and cilia at their apical surface which help circulate csf

28
Q

Neuroglia of PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

29
Q

Schwann cells

A

function similarly to oligodendrocytes

form myelin sheaths around the axon of the neurons

function in regeneration of neurons of the PNS by guiding and stimulating regrowth

Many are needed to myelinate a single axon

unmyelinated gaps are known as Nodes of Ranvier

30
Q

Satellite cells

A

flat cells surrounding neuronal cell bodies residing within ganglia

provide structural support and form a barrier, regulating the exchange of substances

31
Q

Myelination

A

covering made of lipid and protein that surrounds axons neurons

insulates neurons and speeds up neuronal impulses

increase in amount with age

32
Q

Nerve

A

cord-like structure composed of bundles of neuronal axons that transfers sensory information to the CNS and/or motor information from the CNS

33
Q

Structures of the nervous tissue

A
34
Q

Different anatomical features of a nerve

A
35
Q

Action potentials

A 
Ion channels, leakage channel, 
ligand-gated channel,
mechanically gated channel, 
voltage-gated channel, 
membrane potential, 
Na+/K+ pump,
depolarization,
hyperpolarization
36
Q

Ion channels

A

flow down electrochemical gradient, from high concentration to low

flow of charged ions creates electrical charge called current

37
Q

Leakage channel

A

open and close randomly and independent of stimuli

plasma membrane more K+ than Na+ channels

38
Q

Ligand-gated channel

A

open in response to binding of ligands (neurotransmitters/hormones)

39
Q

Mechanically gated channel

A

open due to mechanical forces– vibrations, touch, pressure, etc.

i.e. auditory receptors in the ears, touch receptors on skin

40
Q

Voltage-gated channel

A

open due to change in membrane potential – voltage

41
Q

Membrane Potential

A
  • build up of negative charged ions in the cytosol inside the membrane
  • build up of positive charged ions in the extracellular fluid outside membrane
42
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A
  • Na+ higher in extracellular fluid
  • K+ higher in cytosol
  • Actively pumps 3 Na+ ions out of the cell, 2 K+ ions move into the cell (keep cytosol
    more negative)
43
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Plasma membrane becomes less negatively charged (-70 mV to -40 mV)
  • must hit threshold potential for action potential to be triggered
  • “all or nothing”
44
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • Cytoplasm becomes more negatively charged than resting membrane potential
  • Membrane decreases to about -90 mV due to slow closure of potassium gates
45
Q

Refractory period

A
  • Absolute: no possibility of another stimulus (inactivated Na+ channels)
  • Relative: sodium channels open but only very strong stimulus can cause action
    potential (K+ still open making depolarization harder)
46
Q

Continuous conduction

A
  • Unmyelinated axons
  • Sodium influx creates a local region of positive charge on inside of axon compared to
    outside
  • Creates difference between axon depolarized and adjacent region at resting potential
  • Creates flow of current, propagates as a wave toward axon terminal
47
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • Myelinated sections lack voltage-gated channels – no action potential there
  • Action potential jumps from node to node
48
Q

What affects speed of propagation?

A

Myelination and speed

49
Q

What is the specific stimulus of the different receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptor: mechanical force (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)
  • Thermoreceptor: temperature
  • Photoreceptor: light
  • Chemoreceptor: chemicals
  • Nociceptor: chemical released at tissue damage
  • Osmoreceptor: osmotic pressure
50
Q

What is contained in the brainstem?

A
51
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus. Hypothalamus, and epithalamus

52
Q

Functions of the diencephalon

A
53
Q

Cerebrum cortex

A

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe

54
Q

Frontal lobe

A

cognitive thought and memory, and control of voluntary movements

55
Q

Temporal lobe

A

primary auditory area (hearing)

wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)

56
Q

Parietal lobe

A

body orientation, primary gustatory cortex (taste)

57
Q

Occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex, visual interpretation

58
Q

Cerebrum hemispheres

A

folds (gyri) and creases (sulci)

59
Q

Cerebrum: Meninges

A
  • Pia mater: innermost layer
  • Subarachnoid space: CSF circulation
  • Arachnoid mater: spider web-like appearance
  • Dura mater: outermost layer
  • Meningeal layer: dural folds
  • Sinuses: peristeal and meningeal layers separate to create dural sinuses
  • Sigmoid: main site of drainage
60
Q

Importance of blood-brain barrier?

A
61
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • Cervical Plexus
  • Brachial Plexus: arm nerves (axillary, radial, ulnar, median, musculocutaneous)
  • Lumbar Plexus: leg nerves (femoral – largest, obturator, iliohypogastric,
    ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous)
  • Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus
62
Q

What are the different reflexes?

A
63
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous systems

A

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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