Unit 1: Body Plan & Organization Flashcards
Anatomical Position
The body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat, and directed forward. Upper limbs are at the body’s sides with palms facing forward.
Prone vs. Supine
Lying down;
Prone: face-down orientation
Supine: face-up orientation
Axial Region
Head, neck, chest, trunk
Appendicular Region
Limbs, appendages
Frontal
Forehead
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Brachial
Arm
Antebrachial
Forearm
Palmer
Palm
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Anterior knee
Crural
Leg
Tarsal
Foot
Thoracic
Chest
Abdominal
Abdomen
Umbilical
Navel
Vertebral
Spinal column
Dorsal
Back
Lumbar
Loin
Carpal
Hand
Gluteal
Buttock
Popliteal
Back of the knee
Sural
Calf
Calcaneal
Heel
Plantar
Sole
Superior vs Inferior
Above and below,
Ex. Head is most superior and feet is most inferior
Superior vs Inferior
Above and below,
Ex. Head is most superior and feet is most inferior
Medial vs Lateral
Medial refers to being toward the midline of the body.
Lateral is the side of the body or part of the body that is away from the middle.
Dorsal vs Ventral
Dorsal: backside
Ventral: bellyside
^facing the viewer; “in front”; anterior
Cranial vs Caudal
Cranial: being closer to the head
Caudal: being closer to the tail
Ex. the neck is cranial to the tail. The hindlimb is caudal to the forelimb.
Proximal vs Distal
Proximal: Closer to the torso
Distal: away from the torso
Ex. The finger is distal to the wrist, the foot is distal in relation to the knee. The hip is proximal to the diaphragm than the small toe is.
Sagittal Plane
Cuts body into left and right halves; lateral
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Cuts body into front and back halves.
Anterior vs posterior.
Transverse Plane
Axial divides superior and inferior (top and bottom).
Structural Organization
Chemical > cellular > tissue > organ > system > organism.
Chemical Level
Most basic level of structural, functional, and biological unit/organization. Cell = “small room”.
The human body is made up of chemical elements called atoms. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of the body’s mass.
4 Basic Types of Tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.
Homeostasis
the tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment.
Homeostasis: Positive and Negative Feedback Systems
- Homeostasis involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values, known as set points. (Oppose stimulus)
- Positive feedback loops amplify their initiating stimuli, or they move the system away from its starting state.
Example of a Broken Feedback Loop
Diabetes. A broken feedback loop involving the hormone insulin. This makes it impossible for the body to bring high blood sugar down to a healthy level.
Two main cavities within the body
Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
Quadrants of the abdomen
Right hydrochordiac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac , hypogastric region, left iliac region
Right hypochondriac region
Love, right kidney, gallbladder, large/small intestine
Epigastric region
Liver, stomach, spleen, duodenum, adrenal glands, pancreas
Left hypochondriac region
Liver’s tip , stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, large/small intestine
Right lumbar region
Ascending colon, small intestine, right kidney
Umbilical region
Duodenum, small intestine, transverse colon
Left lumbar region
descending common, small intestine, left kidney
Right iliac region
Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, small intestine
Hypogastric Region
Bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, and reproductive organs
Let iliac region
Sigmoid colon, descending colon and small intestine
Cranial cavity
The superior portion of the dorsal cavity. It’s bound by the skull and contains the brain and meninges.
Vertebral canal
The interior portion of the dorsal cavity also known as the spinal cavity. It is bound by the vertebral column, intervertebral discs and surrounding ligaments and contains the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
Thoracic cavity
contains the heart, lungs, breast tissue, thymus gland, and blood
vessels.
Abdominal cavity
Inside the abdominal cavity are the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small
intestine, colon, appendix, and kidneys
Pelvic cavity
The pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, bladder, part of the colon (i.e., large
intestine), and the rectum.
Cellular
The sum of the chemical reactions in a cell makes up its structure and function. Often these reactions are confined to specific regions within a cell, known as organelles. These are made of molecules organized into special functional units
Integumentary System
Consists of the skin and the associated skin components, i.e. hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails.
Protects the body from the external environment, excretes metabolic waste, helps to make vitamin D and detects pain, touch, dehydration, and changes in temperature.
Skeletal system
Consists of the bones and the cartilage associated with joints.
Protects the body, provides support and a framework for muscles to act upon, contains bone marrow for blood cells to develop in, and stores minerals such as calcium.
Muscular System
Consists primarily of skeletal muscle, but there are also two other types of muscle: cardiac muscle found in the heart and smooth muscle found within the viscera, including the alimentary canal and the walls of blood vessels.
Enables the body to move by the action of opposing muscular contraction and relaxation. It also maintains posture and plays a role in thermoregulation.
Nervous System
Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, e.g. eyes, ears, and taste buds. This system is divided into the central nervous system, containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, containing everything else.
The functionality of the nervous system can be split into three main stages:
- Detecting changes (sensory function) in the internal and external environment, encoding them into electrical impulses, and transmitting them along the nerves.
- Processing electrical impulses (integrative function) and making decisions, either consciously or unconsciously.
- Activating effectors (motor function) to induce an appropriate response to initial stimulus. This can be muscular movement or glandular secretions.
Endocrine System
Consists of endocrine organs and endocrine tissue embedded within organs. Endocrine organs include the pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. Endocrine tissue is also found within the hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, gonads, heart, stomach, and small intestine.
Hormones alter the metabolism of target cells. The hormone can be very specific, affecting only one cell type, or very general, affecting many cell types.
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Pumps blood around the body through the blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove metabolic waste. Regulates the water content of body fluids, the acid-base balance, and the temperature of the body.
Lymphatic System
Consists of lymphatic fluid (lymph), lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, lymph nodules, and thymus.
Responsible for transporting various substances; it takes lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood, and transports protein and fluids back to the bloodstream. It is also responsible for the development of lymphocytes, the cells responsible for fighting disease.
Respiratory System
Consists of air passageways: the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
Responsible for oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange with the blood and also involved in the regulation of acid-base balance and sound production.
Digestive System
Consists of the digestive tract: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine, as well as organs that assist digestion: the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Responsible for the breakdown of ingested food, both physically and chemically, so that nutrients can be absorbed. It is also involved in the absorption of water and removal of undigested food.
Urinary System
Consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Filters blood in order to extract metabolic waste and maintain the acid-base and mineral balance. It also helps to regulate the production of red blood cells.
