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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Unit 3: Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 3: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of muscular tissue

A

Electrical excitability, contractile, extensible, and elastic.

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2
Q

Electrical excitability

A

Electrical excitability refers to the ability of a muscle to respond to stimuli, such as neurotransmitters, by eliciting an electrical signal called an action potential.

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3
Q

Contractile

A

Contractility refers to the ability of a muscle to shorten in response to an action potential.

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4
Q

Elastic

A

Elasticity refers to the ability of a muscle to recover its original shape after contraction or extension.

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5
Q

Extensible

A

Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch (without injury).

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6
Q

3 different types of muscles in the body

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

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7
Q

Skeletal

A

Attached to the skeleton; Under voluntary control, not always conscious though, and can tire quickly.

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8
Q

How do skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton?

A

Directly via tendons or indirectly through connective tissue sheets (aponeurosis).

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9
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Found in the walls of the heart; has the ability to contract without external stimulation; involuntary control; does not tire and continuously pumps blood.

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10
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Found in the walls of the internal organs (digestive system, walls of blood vessels, and intrinsic muscles of the eye); has the ability to contract without external stimulation but rather modified by the autonomic NS and hormonal stimulation. Involuntary, does not tire.

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11
Q

Functions of the muscular system

A

Body movements, stabilize joints, maintain body position, storage of substances, movement of substances, thermogenesis (contracting muscles as a byproduct of heat/maintain temp), and communication.

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12
Q

Successive levels of skeletal muscles from smallest to largest

A

Myofilaments –> myofilaments –>muscle fibers –> fascicles –>skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fascicles that make up the skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Muscle cells; bundles of these make up fascicles.

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15
Q

Myofibrils

A

Tubes composed of protein filaments; bundles of these make up muscle fiber.

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16
Q

Myofilaments

A

The protein responsible for muscle contraction; bundles of these make up myofibril.

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17
Q

Anatomy of skeletal fiber: 3 levels of organization

A

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

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18
Q

Endomysium

A

A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (cell). Lies deep to the fascia.

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19
Q

Perimysium

A

Thick layer of connective tissue that surrounds organized bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).

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20
Q

Epimysium

A

Connective tissue that covers individual muscle fibers.

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21
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

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22
Q

Sarcoplasma

A

Cytoplasm in of a muscle

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23
Q

Sarcomere

A

the basic functional unit of a myofibril, consisting of a complex
arrangement of contractile proteins (myofilaments)

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24
Q

Contractile protein

A

actin and myosin are the main myofilaments that form the sarcomere.

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25
Q

Actin

A

forms the thin myofilaments in the of the sacromere.

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26
Q

Myosin

A

Forms the thick myofilaments of the sarcomere.

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27
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

A

Muscle contraction occurs because thick filaments
bind onto the thin filaments by forming chemical bonds called “crossbridges”

It involves the movement of thick and thin filaments, relative to one another, to cause active shortening of a muscle fiber.

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28
Q

What 3 periods do twitch contractions occur in?

A

Latent period, contraction period, and relaxation period.

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29
Q

Latent period

A

time between the stimulation of a muscle fiber and contraction of that muscle.

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30
Q

Contraction period

A

period of crossbridge formation.

31
Q

Relaxation period

A

occurs once peak tension has been developed and stimulation is removed.

32
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

generate ATP slower than their counterpart fast-twitch fibers.

Aerobic respiration which is slow.

Lots of mitochondria and myoglobin giving a red pigmentation.

ex. large muscles, gluteals

33
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

generate ATP at a faster pace. Quicker because of anaerobic respiration.

Ex. small muscles, intrinsic muscles of the eye

34
Q

Skeletal muscle metabolism

A

use adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) directly for

contractile activities

35
Q

Muscles regenerate ATP in 3 ways

A

creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration,

and aerobic respiration

36
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

high energy molecule. first port of call when muscles are in need of more ATP.

Yield: one ATP molecule for every creatine phosphate; 15 secs

37
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

When oxygen supply is insufficient in muscles, myofiber can produce energy without oxygen.

Yield: 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

38
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

When oxygen amounts are insufficient, however, slower than anaerobic respiration.

Yield: 36 ATP

39
Q

Muscle are grouped into 5 categories

A

fusiform, parallel, pennate, orbicular, and convergent muscles

40
Q

Fusiform

A

formed by a central muscle belly that converges at one (or both) ends into a tendon.

40
Q

Fusiform Muscles

A

formed by a central muscle belly that converges at one (or both) ends into a tendon.

41
Q

Examples of fusiform muscles

A

One-headed: extensor carpi radialis longus.

Two-headed: biceps brachii.

Three-headed: triceps brachii.

42
Q

Parallel Muscles

A

formed by muscle fibers that lie parallel to each other. They form flat, straight, quadrate, and 2-bellied muscles.

43
Q

Examples of parallel muscles

A

Flat: transversus abdominis

Straight: rectus abdominis

Quadrate: pronator quadratus.

2-bellied: omohyoid

44
Q

Pennate muscles

A

formed when muscle fibers are attached obliquely to a central tendon, much like the barbs of a feather.

45
Q

Examples of pennate muscles

A

Unipennate: flexor pollicis longus.

Bipennate: rectus femoris

Multipennate: deltoid

46
Q

Orbicular muscles

A

A sphincter-like sheet of muscle that encircles an orifice, such as the mouth or the palpebral fissures.

E.g., orbicularis oculi.

47
Q

Convergent muscles

A

Triangular muscles; Fibers that originate from a large area but converge onto one attachment point.

Ex. temporalis, pectoralis major

48
Q

Co-ordination of movement

A

Primer mover (agonist): primarily responsible for moving (ex. triceps extending elbow)

Antagonist: acts to oppose the action of the muscle (ex. bicep brachii to the tricep; flexes elbow)

Synergists: assists prime mover; stabilize and promotes (ex. brachialis helps biceps flex elbow)

Fixator: holds muscle in place to allow for efficiency (ex. rotator cuff fixes the shoulder joint)

49
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A

Muscles of the scalp and forehead, the ocular, nasal, and oral region.

50
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

This muscle has two parts, one on the forehead and one on the back of the head, both of which are joined by an aponeurosis.

Frontal belly- Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead.

Occipital belly- Retracts the scalp.

51
Q

Corrugator Supercilii

A

A small muscle of the eyebrow. Wrinkles the skin between the eyebrows.

52
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

A circular muscle surrounding the eye.

Closes the eye.

53
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

A thin muscle within the upper eyelid.

Raises the upper eyelid.

54
Q

Procerus

A

A small muscle of the bridge of the nose.

Wrinkles the skin over the nose.

55
Q

Nasalis

A

A small muscle of the side of the nose.

Dilates the nostrils.

56
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

A circular muscle surrounding the mouth and lips.

Closes and purses the lips.

57
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

A small, flat muscle attached to the upper lip.

Raises the upper lip.

58
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

A small, flat muscle attached to the upper lip.

Raises the corner of the mouth.

59
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

A long, thin muscle of the cheek.

Pulls the corners of the mouth upwards and outwards.

60
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A

A long, thin muscle of the cheek.

Raises the upper lip.

61
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A

A triangular muscle located at the side of the chin.

Pulls the corners of the mouth downwards.

62
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

A flat muscle of the chin.

Depresses the lower lip.

63
Q

Risorius

A

A thin muscle of the cheek.

Pulls the corner of the mouth laterally.

64
Q

Mentalis

A

A short muscle of the chin.

Raises and protrudes the lower lip.

65
Q

Buccinator

A

A sheet of muscle within the cheek.

Compresses the cheek.

66
Q

Platysma

A

A thin, superficial muscle of the anterior neck.

Wrinkles the skin of the neck.

67
Q

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

A

strong muscles involved in chewing. They forcibly open and close the mandible and move it forwards and backwards and from side to side.

(chew and talk: temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid,
lateral pterygoid)

68
Q

Temporalis

A

A large, fan-shaped muscle on the lateral surface of the head.

Elevates and retracts the mandible.

69
Q

Masseter

A

A powerful, oblong muscle located on the side of the face.

Elevates the mandible.

70
Q

Medial pterygoid

A

A rectangular muscle located deep to the mandible.

Opens and closes the jaw. Moves the jaw from side to side and forwards and backwards.

71
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A

A muscle with two heads located deep to the mandible.

Opens, protrudes, and laterally moves the mandible.

72
Q

Muscles of the neck

A

flexors (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes)

extensors (splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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