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aphg > Unit 4 - Political Patterns & Processes > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Political Patterns & Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Antecedent Boundary

A

pre-existing; drawn before the cultural landscape emerged & before a large pop was present (ex: 49th parallel between US & Canada)

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2
Q

balkanization

A

a political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries

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3
Q

buffer state

A

a relatively small country sandwiched between two larger power. The existence of buffer states may help to prevent dangerous conflicts between the powerful countries.

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4
Q

centrifugal forces

A

forces that divide countries

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5
Q

centripetal forces

A

forces that unite countries

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6
Q

colonialism

A

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

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7
Q

Commonwealth of Independent States

A

Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have untied because of their common economic and administrative needs

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8
Q

compact states

A

a state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions [ex: Kenya, Uganda)

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9
Q

confederation

A

a form of an international org that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose

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10
Q

democratization

A

the process of establishing representative and accountable forms of gov led by popularly elected officials

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11
Q

devolution

A

the transfer of power from central government to a local area

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12
Q

domino theory

A

the idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapses of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse

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13
Q

east/west divide

A

geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of western Europe, and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe & Asia

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14
Q

electoral college

A

a certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state’s population. Each elector chooses a candidate, believing they are representing their constituency’s choice.

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15
Q

electoral vote

A

the choice expresses collectively by the electoral college to determine the president & vp of the US

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16
Q

elongated state

A

a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape (ex Chile)

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17
Q

enclaves

A

any small and relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by another larger and different group or region

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18
Q

European Union

A

an international & supranational organization comprising Western European countries to promote free trade among members

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19
Q

Exclaves

A

a bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state [Alaska, Hawaii]

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20
Q

federalism

A

a system of gov in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central gov

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21
Q

fragmented state

A

broken state; separated parts

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22
Q

frontier

A

an area where borders are shifting & weak & where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land

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23
Q

geometric boundaries

A

political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines

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24
Q

gerrymandering - give 2 ways to do this as well

A

the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular political party or candidate; one way to do this is by packing as many ppl who are likely supporters of the rival political group into a single district so they only win one instead of several & another is to spread the votes over several districts so their votes get wasted

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25
Q

heartland theory

A

proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world

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26
Q

imperialism

A

Forceful extension of a nation’s authority by conquest or by establishing economic and political domination of other nations that aren’t it’s colonies

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27
Q

irredentism

A

a political movement that is strongly tied to nationalism. It is a political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory.

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28
Q

landlocked state

A

a state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes

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29
Q

law of the sea

A

law establishing states’ rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership & use of the earth’s seas & oceans & their resources

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30
Q

lebensraum

A

Hitler’s expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire living space for the German people

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31
Q

microstate

A

a state or territory that is small in both population and area

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32
Q

nation

A

tightly-knit group of people that share a common lang, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes

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33
Q

nation-state

A

a country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity

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34
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement

A

an agreement signed on Jan 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the US, Mexico & Canada

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35
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A

An international organization of member states that joined together for military purposes

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36
Q

north/south divide

A

the economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe & North America, Japan & Australia and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa & Latic America

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37
Q

organic theory

A

the view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity & old age

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38
Q

perforated state

A

a state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state [ex: Italy]

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39
Q

popular vote

A

the tally of each individual’s vote within a given geo area

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40
Q

prorupted state

A

a state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory [thailand]

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41
Q

rectangular state

A

a state whose territory is rectangular in shape

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42
Q

redistricting

A

the drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes

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43
Q

relic boundaries

A

boundaries that used to exist & can still be detected on the landscape (ex: Great Wall of China & Berlin Wall)

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44
Q

rimland theory

A

Nicholas Spykman’s theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest

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45
Q

self-determination

A

the right of a nation to govern itself autonomously

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46
Q

shatter belt

A

a region of persistent political fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces (ex: Southeast Asia is between East & West)

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47
Q

state

A

a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign gov and is recognized by the international community

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48
Q

stateless nation

A

a group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own [ex: Palestanians]

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49
Q

states’ rights

A

rights and powers believed to be in the authority of the states rather than the federal gov

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50
Q

subsequent boundary

A

set after the settlements of different groups meet in acceptance to their culture (ex: the boundary between Northern Ireland & the Republic of Ireland was drawn long

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51
Q

superimposed boundary

A

boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern; forced onto people by outside powers (ex: experience of Native Americans in the US, political boundaries of states were superimposed on the indigenous communities)

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52
Q

supranational organization

A

organization of 3+ states to promote shared objectives

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53
Q

territorial dispute

A

any dispute over land ownership

54
Q

territorial organization

A

a political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land [division of land]

55
Q

theocracy

A

controlled by religion, show the impact of culture, shows political systems as a driving force behind the country’s systems

56
Q

unitary state

A

a state governed constitutionally as a unit, little or no local power

57
Q

United Nations

A

a global supranational organization established at the end of WW2 to foster international security and cooperation

58
Q

consequent boundaries

A

when boundary lines coincide with cultural boundaries (ex: Mormons in Utah are clustered in an area which creates a cultural boundary within the political boundaries of Utah)

59
Q

defined boundaries

A

established by a legal document

60
Q

delimited boundaries

A

drawn on a map & agreed by both sides about where to put it

61
Q

demarcated boundaries

A

identified by physical objects, like walls, signs & fences

62
Q

natural boundaries

A

based on physical features such as rivers, mountains, and coastlines (ex: the border of Arkansas is formed along the Mississippi River)

63
Q

militarized boundary

A

guarded, hard to pass thru (ex: borders of North Korea–38th parallel is impossible to cross without military or elite clearance)

64
Q

open boundary

A

the crossing can be done freely (ex: EU)

65
Q

Autonomous regions

A

a territory operates independently of larger state [for the most part] (Nunavut, Native American reservations)

66
Q

semi-autonomous regions

A

have partial local control (Kurdistan)

67
Q

participatory governments

A

the people participate in the operations of the state through voting

68
Q

democracy gov

A

majority rules – the people vote either directly or they elect representatives to vote on their behalf

69
Q

republic gov

A

reps are chosen by the people to vote on their behalf. Majority votes decide major legislation, but minority rights are protected by a Constitution (US IS REPUBLIC)

70
Q

constitutional monarchy

A

the monarch is a figurehead & a diplomat (foreign relations), but the head of gov is elected (ex: UK or Denmark)

71
Q

authoritative gov

A

power rests with one individual or a small group of individuals

72
Q

dictatorships

A

rises to power thru force (ex: Iraq under Saddam Hussein, Cuba under Fidel Castro)

73
Q

totalitarian dictatorship

A

the dictator (and advisors) control all aspects of life within the state – politics, economics, culture, etc. (ex: North Korea)

74
Q

absolute monarchy

A

hereditary right to power (born into the crown), functions as a dictatorship (ex: Saudi Arabia)

75
Q

coup d’état

A

the overthrow of an existing gov by non-democratic means; typically, it is an illegal, unconstitutional seizure of power by a dictator, the military, or a political faction

76
Q

neocolonialism

A

the use of econ, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies.

77
Q

satellite state

A

a country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic, and military influence or control from another country (ex: Poland, Romania, etc)

78
Q

choke points

A

narrow crossing that is easily controlled (ex: Straight of Gibraltar, Panama canal)

79
Q

demilitarized zones

A

an area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers, or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel. It often lies along an established frontier boundary or border between two or more military powers or alliances. (ex: North Korea, Israel, Syria, etc)

80
Q

Berlin Conference of 1884

A

AKA “Scramble for Africa” – a meeting of European powers to regulate European colonization & trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period.

81
Q

UNCLOS [ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ]

A

defined the rights of coastal countries (those with ocean access) in regards to these oceanic territorial claims

82
Q

frontier boundary

A

a typically wide swath of unpopulated area that acts as a buffer between two rival states, usually have rough geo landscapes

83
Q

Impact of political boundaries

A

contributes to national identity, encourage or discourage interactions, allocation of resources

84
Q

inclusionary borders

A

encourage interaction between adjacent states, little to no attempt to impede entrance into the state from the adjacent state

85
Q

exclusionary borders

A

try to stop entrance into the state from the adjacent state (ex: walls, borders)

86
Q

coastal state

A

a country in which at least a portion of their border is an ocean, which provides access to the sea for trade & economic activity

87
Q

Landlocked state

A

a country completely surrounded by other countries and therefore has no coastline or ports to access the sea

88
Q

territorial seas

A

12-mile zone extending beyond the coastline (referred to as the maritime delimitation) [ships of other countries have right of passage]

89
Q

contiguous zone

A

beyond the territorial sea (up to 24 miles from the coastline)

90
Q

difference between territorial seas & contiguous zones

A

there is no automatic international agreement in place for the protection of the contiguous zones–if there is a conflict between two countries, they have to deal with it themselves

91
Q

international waters

A

begins outside of each coastal state’s 12 nautical mile territorial zone, referred to as “high seas”

92
Q

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

A

200 nautical miles beyond the state’s coastline & country has sole claim to these waters and the sea bed contained within the 200 mile EEZ to use for their economic purposes (fishing, mineral extraction, etc)

93
Q

median line principle

A

sets the boundary for the territorial sea & EEZ if states are less than 400 nautical miles apart (middle point)

94
Q

south china sea dispute

A

The sea has in recent years become a flashpoint for tensions between China and other nations which claim sovereignty over two largely uninhabited island chains, the Paracels and the Spratlys. China claims the largest portion of territory, saying its rights go back centuries.

95
Q

south china sea dispute

A

The sea has in recent years become a flashpoint for tensions between China and other nations which claim sovereignty over two largely uninhabited island chains, the Paracels and the Spratlys. China claims the largest portion of territory, saying its rights go back centuries.

96
Q

federal states

A

division of power between central & local gov; hierarchical gov structure (multiple states, counties, and cities within each county) [ex: United States, Germany, Mexico)

97
Q

unitary states

A

strong central gov (limited local govs) [ex: UK (parliamentary system), China (communist gov)]

98
Q

pros of unitary govs

A
  1. centripetal impact (reduces the potential for separatist movements)
  2. efficiency of implementing laws/gov services
  3. efficiency in disaster response
  4. fewer tax/gov agencies
99
Q

cons of unitary govs

A
  1. disconnect between central gov & some regions [minorities, isolated local areas]
  2. domination of politics by predominant culture/ethnic group
  3. exclusion of marginalized groups [standardization @ state-level diminishes local cultures & customs]
  4. possible slow response to local issues, such as natural disasters, infrastructure issues, or needed public services
100
Q

confederate system

A

strong local gov, limited power in central gov (ex: Switzerland, US under the Articles of Confederation, The Confederate States of America, EU)

101
Q

confederate system

A

strong local gov, limited power in central gov (ex: Switzerland, US under the Articles of Confederation, The Confederate States of America, EU)

102
Q

texas legislature

A

has its own constitution, the executive branch (governor), judicial branch (court system) and bicameral legislature [senate: 31 single-member districts & texas house - 150 single-member districts]

103
Q

The Great Compromise of 1787

A

Provided for a bicameral congress. 1. House of Reps - each state is rep according to its population (satisfied the Virginia Plan) 2. Senate - each state has 2 senators (satisfies the NJ plan & both houses of Congress must pass every law)

104
Q

Virginia Plan

A

called for a bicameral legislature in which the number of reps in each house would depend on the pop of the state

105
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

called for a unicameral legislature in which every state received one vote

106
Q

re-apportionment

A

the re-distribution of seats in the House of Reps that occurs following each census

107
Q

devolutionary forces

A

physical geo (can isolate places), political eco, ethnic separatism, ethnic cleansing (ex: Trail of Tears), genocide, terrorism, uneven economic divisions, social divisions (apartheid), irredentism

108
Q

results of devolution

A
  1. Fragmentation into autonomous/semi-autonomous regions (ex: Spain, Canada, Belgium, Nigeria) 2. Disintegration of states [failed states, formation of newly independent states] (ex: South Sudan, Former Soviet Union)
109
Q

state morphology impacts

A

cultural impacts - isolation & divergence & political impacts - separatist movements & irredentism & economic impacts - unequal economic development, resource rich/poor compared to rest of state, limited integration to economy

110
Q

state morphology

A

study of how a state’s shape can affect its culture, politics, economy, and overall wellbeing

111
Q

globalization

A

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

112
Q

transnational corporation

A

any business that undertakes foreign direct investment, owns or controls income-gathering assets in more than one country, produces goods or services outside its country of origin, or engages in international production

113
Q

direct foreign investment

A

the person or group who owns/controls the company is controlling it from outside of the country. profits go back to the business owner (which means they leave the country)

114
Q

supranationalism

A

transfer of power from the national to the supranational level (opposite of devolution)

115
Q

supranational organization

A

an international group or union in which the power & influence of member states transcend national boundaries or interest to share in decision making & vote on issues concerning the collective body. (Ex: EU & World Trade Organization)

116
Q

World Trade Organization (WTO)

A

an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between member states

117
Q

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

A

an economic & political intergovernmental organization that promotes a more integrated economy

118
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

A

formed 1949 with 11 original members & is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American & European countries created following WW2.

119
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland,
between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central
and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. It officially disbanded at the end of the Cold War (1991) as the USSR devolved into independent states and the communist regimes of the former
satellite states were overthrown (mostly peacefully, though sometimes not) and
replaced with more democratic governments.

120
Q

Domino Theory

A

a geopolitical theory that posits that a political event in one the country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino
causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall. The US (and NATO) applied this theory to mean that if communism spread from the USSR to one country (such as China, etc), it would then spread to the next, and then the next…

121
Q

Containment

A

the official foreign policy of the United States and its allies (NATO) to prevent the spread of communism outside of the Soviet Union and the existing communist countries in the 1940s

122
Q

problems that come with stateless nations

A

don’t have recognition, could act out in violence, and CAUSE CONFLICT

123
Q

benefits of increased sovereignty for natives

A

they can live their life how they want to

124
Q

cons of increased sovereignty for natives

A

the government can take over if they feel it will benefit the US

125
Q

theocracy example

A

India-Pakistan Kashmir Border [muslims live in India while Indians live in Pakistan, which causes a lot of violence]

126
Q

country

A

AKA state, composed of multiple nations

127
Q

nations

A

people with a common identity (Israel)

128
Q

nation-state

A

defined sovereign state with pop that is ethnically, racially, or religiously homogenous

129
Q

multinational state

A

Canada with 2 official languages

130
Q

congressional districts are redrawn after every _____ to reflect changes in the population

A

census

131
Q

how does the lingering history of colonialism affect contemporary countries?

A

The legacy is colonizing forces is still present in the language, religion, or administrative systems

aphg (7 decks)

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