Unit 3 - Cultural Patterns and Processes Flashcards
Cultural appropriation
adoption of a culture for own benefit
Acculturation
when a group of people in one culture adopts traits from another
Creolization
the process of mixing of cultural traits, primarily languages
Lingua Franca
language mutually understood by the members of society
What 4 things have historically allowed for the transmission of cultural traits from one area to another?
colonialism, imperialism (forced colonialization), wars, and trade (columbian exchange)
2 processes that contribute to culture diffusing all over the globe
globalization & urbanization which can be seen thru media, tech changes, politics, economics, and social relations
cultural divergence
people may start to leave their culture or abandon certain elements of it
cultural convergence
people start having one mass, global culture
cultural hearth
a place where an idea, innovation, or civilization was born
isogloss
a boundary that separated language regions
branches
a large fundamental branch of a religion
denomination
a more localized subgroup of a religion, often with religious autonomy
monotheistic
worshipping one deity
polytheistic
worshipping many deities
Christianity
- started with Jesus and spread early by his disciples
- Jerusalem is Hearth
- Immigration to US (brought Christianity)
- US has most Christians due to relocation diffusion
Islam
- diffused from Mecca to Medina
- Mohammad and his disciples (contagious diff)
- Thru conquest: for example the Ottoman (building)
- Thru trade: from the Indian Ocean onto South East Asia
- Indonesia has the most Islam people thru trade and relocation
Buddhism
- Started in India with Siddartha Gautama
- Hinduism was dominant in this region
- Missionaries took Buddhism into East and Southeast Asia
- Thru immigration to the US and Europe
- China has the most people through missionaries and immigration
Hinduism
- one of the world’s oldest religion
- evolved in India (India)
- diffused throughout the British Empire and thru immigration
Judaism
- born along the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel is hearth)
- diffused thru relocation diffusion
- jews emigrated and settled in much of Europe
- persecution (holocaust) caused mass genocide of jews
- they returned to the Eastern Mediterranean Post WW2
Assimilation
When a minority group eventually adopts the prominent culture; sometimes it is forced
Syncretism
Blending and merging of different cultures and concepts
Multiculturalism
cultural diversity within a society, often because of immigration
Effects of diffusion
acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, multiculturalism, transculturation
Acculturation
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by 1 group under the influence of another
Animism
Most prevelant in Africa & Americas, doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers
Cultural landscape
anything and everything touched by people
Sociofacts
social structures (family, social, educational, gov, and religious systems)
Caste system
social ranking system in India
Christianity (4 facts)
The world’s most widespread religion. Monotheistic, universal religion which uses missionaries to expand its members worldwide. 3 major categories of christianity are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox
Creole
A pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it (usually French & African roots)
cultural traits
individual identifiable elements of culture.
cultural traits
individual identifiable elements of culture, such as language, explain more
culture complex
a group of traits that togehter make up a certian activity and influence the life of the person exhibiting those traits.
sense of place
sense of belonging in a place
ethnocentrism
judging another culture by your own cultural standards; thinking your way of living is best
globalization
process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and govs worldwide
Pros of globalization
more interaction = more opportunities to share and exchange ideas, trade, & improve quality of life
culture complex
a group of traits that define a particular culture
ethnocentrism
judging another culture by your own cultural standards (can leads to thoughts of cultural superiority)
pop culture
spreads across regions and is heterogenous
shared practices
birth and death rituals, education, weddings
cultural relativism
the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s own culture
cultural relativism
the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s own culture
centripetal forces
common lang, strong sense of nationalism, ethnic/religious homogenity
centrifugal forces
ethnic discrimination, political unrest/division, economic inequality
8 barriers to diffusion
distance decay, language, religion, age, ethnicity, physical, political, and economic barriers
5 causes of diffusion
urbanization (hierarchial), globablization, time-space convergence, communications technology, migration
economic globalization
process by which businesses or other orgs develop international influence or start operating across multiple countries
centripetal forces
common lang, strong sense of nationalism, ethnic/religious homogenity, sports (olympics, worldcup)
cultural globalization
trasmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations
5 effects of contemporary diffusion
cultural convergence/divergence, pervasive pop culture, changing cultural practices (bc media & urban culture), increasing use of English, loss of indigenous cultures,
cultural convergence
interactions of multiple cultures, people will transmit something from their culture to the other person (ex: pidgin lang)
cultural divergence
results from isolation (ex: regional isoglosses)
popular culture
fast, mass produced, disposable, sold for profit
folk/local culture
generational, hand-crafted, long-lasting, unique, local & homogenous
dialect
a particular form of a lang which is specific to a certain region or social group. (the South - ex of a regional dialects)
sound shift
result of cultural divergence, change in the pronunciation of a set of speech sounds as language evolves (Era was pronounced eera, but then americanized to error)
Cognates
words in different langs were derived from same root or original word (Milk - leche [spanish], latte [italian])
Toponyms
place names & signage of place
The Conquest Theory
when a person or a group of people take control of an area and make everyone in that area follow their rules and beliefs
The Conquest Theory of Language Dispersal
states that the IndoEuropean languages spread from its theorized hearth in Anatolia (modern day turkey) westward into Europe via soldiers on horseback. As soldiers took over each area, they would force the captured people to take on the new lang, and their native langs would eventually die out (become extinct)
The Renfrew Hypothesis
the theory of lang dispersal in which IndoEuropean langs spread out of their theorized hearth (still Anatholia) into Europe & South/Westward into Asia with the outward movement of sedentary farmers from the Fertile Crescent (the earliest agri hearth) —- basically said language spread with sedentary farmers
liturgical language
official language of religion
Eastern religion
**have a circular view of life - includes hinduism, buddhism, sikhism
Hinduism Hearth
Indus Valley
Buddhism Hearth
Himalayan foothills (modern day Nepal)
Sikhism Hearth
Punjab region
Sikhism Hearth
Punjab region
Western religions
Hearth in “Land of Canaan” - Fertile Crescent — Judaism, Christianity, Islam (hearth in medina/mecca)
universalizing religions
appeal to all people, regardless of geo location, easy to convert, christianity, islam, buddhism, and sikhism
diffusion of christianity
started thru colonialism (relocation & hierarchial diffusion promoting “God, Gold, & Glory”) and spread thru missionaries as well (contagious diffusion)
sacred sites of christianity
jerusalem (location of where Jesus taught his disciples at a Temple Mount), bethlehem (birthplace of Jesus)
diffusion of islam
indian ocean trade (contagious diffusion) & adoption by rulers (hierarchial diffusion)
sacred sites of islam
Mecca (most sacred spot in world for muslims, they orient themselves towards this spot while praying), Medina (second holiest city of Islam where Prophet Muhammed established the muslim community), and Jerusalem (third holiest city & where muhammad arrived on the night he died & spoke with Allah)
sacred sites of islam
Mecca (most sacred spot in world for muslims, they orient themselves towards this spot while praying), Medina (second holiest city of Islam where Prophet Muhammed established the muslim community), and Jerusalem (third holiest city & where muhammad arrived on the night he died & spoke with Allah)
diffusion of buddhism
hearth in Nepal & concentrated in Southeast & East Asia (stayed closest to hearth)
diffusion & hearth of sikhism
monotheistic, hearth - Punjab region, broke from Hinduism bc it didn’t like the caste system, spread thru relocation migration
ethnic religions
mainly spread thru relocation diffusion, ppl are born into religion unlike universalizing religions, tied closely to ethnicity, geo location is central religion, EX: Hinduism, Judaism
diffusion of hinduism
spread thru relocation diffusion
sacred sites of hinduism
Varanasi, Ganges River
diffusion of judaism
due to forced migration (roman empire & holocaust)
diaspora
people who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity
sacred site of judaism
Temple Mount
Syncretic Religions
mixture of multiple religions
transculturation
Equal exchange of cultural traits between two cultures; a form of cultural convergence
placelessness
lost sense of a place that occurs due to mass production and the development of a post modern consumer cultural landscape (shopping complexes)
cultural commodification
the “selling” of a place’s culture and cultural artifacts to make a large enough profit to support part of the area’s economy
interfaith
conflict along the boundaries of two different religions (Israel & Palestinians - Judaism & Islam)
intrafaith
conflict along the boundaries of different branches within the SAME religion
fundamentalism
belief in complete authority of a religious text or teachings
religious extremist or fundemental extremist
taking fundamentalism to the level of violence
independent innovation
a trait that can be traced back to multiple hearths where it developed INDEPENDENT (without contact) of other places
stimulus diffusion
type of expansion diffusion, idea is adopted in a new location, changed to reflect local culture
stimulus diffusion
type of expansion diffusion, the idea is adopted in a new location, changed to reflect local culture (ex: McDonald’s around the world)
effects of historical diffusion
mercantilism, development of core & periphery countries, dependency theory, creolization, lingua franca, shaped pattern & practices of culture
ethnic enclave
china town, little italy, etc
cultural extinction
obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation, or combination of all three
cultural geography
how cultures vary over space
cultural imperialism
the dominance of one culture over another
culture
learned way of life - lang, ideology, behavior, gov, etc
denomination
a particular religious group, usually associated with differing Protestant belief systems
ecumene
the proportion of earth inhabited by humans
environmental determinism
a doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by the environment
Esperanto
a made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language
ethnic cleansing
the systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide
ethnic neighborhoods
an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
ethnicity
refers to a group of people who share a common identity
evangelical religion
religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system (ex: Islam & Christianity)
Gender Inequality Index
measures a country’s loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive health, employment, and general empowerment. Higher GII values indicate higher inequalities between women and men and thus higher loss to human development.
genocide
a premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group
ghetto
a segregated ethnic area within a city
global religion
religion in which members are numerous, widespread, and whose doctrines might appeal to diff people from any region of the globe
indo-European
lang family containing the Germanic & Romance languages that include languages spoken by abt 50% of the world’s people
language family
a collection of many langs
language group
a set of language with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics
missionary
a person of a particular faith who travels in order to recruit new members into the faith represented
polyglot
a multilingual state
romance languages
any of the languages derived from Latin, including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian
sino-Tibetan
language area that spreads thru most of Southeast Asia & China, and comprises of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean
one important consequence of cultural extinction
loss of indigenous knowledge about ecosystems
