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aphg > Unit 3 - Cultural Patterns and Processes > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Cultural Patterns and Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural appropriation

A

adoption of a culture for own benefit

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2
Q

Acculturation

A

when a group of people in one culture adopts traits from another

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3
Q

Creolization

A

the process of mixing of cultural traits, primarily languages

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4
Q

Lingua Franca

A

language mutually understood by the members of society

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5
Q

What 4 things have historically allowed for the transmission of cultural traits from one area to another?

A

colonialism, imperialism (forced colonialization), wars, and trade (columbian exchange)

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6
Q

2 processes that contribute to culture diffusing all over the globe

A

globalization & urbanization which can be seen thru media, tech changes, politics, economics, and social relations

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7
Q

cultural divergence

A

people may start to leave their culture or abandon certain elements of it

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8
Q

cultural convergence

A

people start having one mass, global culture

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9
Q

cultural hearth

A

a place where an idea, innovation, or civilization was born

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10
Q

isogloss

A

a boundary that separated language regions

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11
Q

branches

A

a large fundamental branch of a religion

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12
Q

denomination

A

a more localized subgroup of a religion, often with religious autonomy

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13
Q

monotheistic

A

worshipping one deity

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14
Q

polytheistic

A

worshipping many deities

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15
Q

Christianity

A
  • started with Jesus and spread early by his disciples
  • Jerusalem is Hearth
  • Immigration to US (brought Christianity)
  • US has most Christians due to relocation diffusion
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16
Q

Islam

A
  • diffused from Mecca to Medina
  • Mohammad and his disciples (contagious diff)
  • Thru conquest: for example the Ottoman (building)
  • Thru trade: from the Indian Ocean onto South East Asia
  • Indonesia has the most Islam people thru trade and relocation
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17
Q

Buddhism

A
  • Started in India with Siddartha Gautama
  • Hinduism was dominant in this region
  • Missionaries took Buddhism into East and Southeast Asia
  • Thru immigration to the US and Europe
  • China has the most people through missionaries and immigration
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18
Q

Hinduism

A
  • one of the world’s oldest religion
  • evolved in India (India)
  • diffused throughout the British Empire and thru immigration
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19
Q

Judaism

A
  • born along the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel is hearth)
  • diffused thru relocation diffusion
  • jews emigrated and settled in much of Europe
  • persecution (holocaust) caused mass genocide of jews
  • they returned to the Eastern Mediterranean Post WW2
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20
Q

Assimilation

A

When a minority group eventually adopts the prominent culture; sometimes it is forced

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21
Q

Syncretism

A

Blending and merging of different cultures and concepts

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22
Q

Multiculturalism

A

cultural diversity within a society, often because of immigration

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23
Q

Effects of diffusion

A

acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, multiculturalism, transculturation

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24
Q

Acculturation

A

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by 1 group under the influence of another

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25
Q

Animism

A

Most prevelant in Africa & Americas, doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers

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26
Q

Cultural landscape

A

anything and everything touched by people

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27
Q

Sociofacts

A

social structures (family, social, educational, gov, and religious systems)

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28
Q

Caste system

A

social ranking system in India

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29
Q

Christianity (4 facts)

A

The world’s most widespread religion. Monotheistic, universal religion which uses missionaries to expand its members worldwide. 3 major categories of christianity are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox

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30
Q

Creole

A

A pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it (usually French & African roots)

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31
Q

cultural traits

A

individual identifiable elements of culture.

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32
Q

cultural traits

A

individual identifiable elements of culture, such as language, explain more

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33
Q

culture complex

A

a group of traits that togehter make up a certian activity and influence the life of the person exhibiting those traits.

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34
Q

sense of place

A

sense of belonging in a place

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35
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging another culture by your own cultural standards; thinking your way of living is best

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36
Q

globalization

A

process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and govs worldwide

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37
Q

Pros of globalization

A

more interaction = more opportunities to share and exchange ideas, trade, & improve quality of life

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38
Q

culture complex

A

a group of traits that define a particular culture

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39
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging another culture by your own cultural standards (can leads to thoughts of cultural superiority)

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40
Q

pop culture

A

spreads across regions and is heterogenous

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41
Q

shared practices

A

birth and death rituals, education, weddings

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42
Q

cultural relativism

A

the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s own culture

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43
Q

cultural relativism

A

the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s own culture

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44
Q

centripetal forces

A

common lang, strong sense of nationalism, ethnic/religious homogenity

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45
Q

centrifugal forces

A

ethnic discrimination, political unrest/division, economic inequality

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46
Q

8 barriers to diffusion

A

distance decay, language, religion, age, ethnicity, physical, political, and economic barriers

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47
Q

5 causes of diffusion

A

urbanization (hierarchial), globablization, time-space convergence, communications technology, migration

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48
Q

economic globalization

A

process by which businesses or other orgs develop international influence or start operating across multiple countries

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49
Q

centripetal forces

A

common lang, strong sense of nationalism, ethnic/religious homogenity, sports (olympics, worldcup)

50
Q

cultural globalization

A

trasmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations

51
Q

5 effects of contemporary diffusion

A

cultural convergence/divergence, pervasive pop culture, changing cultural practices (bc media & urban culture), increasing use of English, loss of indigenous cultures,

52
Q

cultural convergence

A

interactions of multiple cultures, people will transmit something from their culture to the other person (ex: pidgin lang)

53
Q

cultural divergence

A

results from isolation (ex: regional isoglosses)

54
Q

popular culture

A

fast, mass produced, disposable, sold for profit

55
Q

folk/local culture

A

generational, hand-crafted, long-lasting, unique, local & homogenous

56
Q

dialect

A

a particular form of a lang which is specific to a certain region or social group. (the South - ex of a regional dialects)

57
Q

sound shift

A

result of cultural divergence, change in the pronunciation of a set of speech sounds as language evolves (Era was pronounced eera, but then americanized to error)

58
Q

Cognates

A

words in different langs were derived from same root or original word (Milk - leche [spanish], latte [italian])

59
Q

Toponyms

A

place names & signage of place

60
Q

The Conquest Theory

A

when a person or a group of people take control of an area and make everyone in that area follow their rules and beliefs

61
Q

The Conquest Theory of Language Dispersal

A

states that the IndoEuropean languages spread from its theorized hearth in Anatolia (modern day turkey) westward into Europe via soldiers on horseback. As soldiers took over each area, they would force the captured people to take on the new lang, and their native langs would eventually die out (become extinct)

62
Q

The Renfrew Hypothesis

A

the theory of lang dispersal in which IndoEuropean langs spread out of their theorized hearth (still Anatholia) into Europe & South/Westward into Asia with the outward movement of sedentary farmers from the Fertile Crescent (the earliest agri hearth) —- basically said language spread with sedentary farmers

63
Q

liturgical language

A

official language of religion

64
Q

Eastern religion

A

**have a circular view of life - includes hinduism, buddhism, sikhism

65
Q

Hinduism Hearth

A

Indus Valley

66
Q

Buddhism Hearth

A

Himalayan foothills (modern day Nepal)

67
Q

Sikhism Hearth

A

Punjab region

68
Q

Sikhism Hearth

A

Punjab region

69
Q

Western religions

A

Hearth in “Land of Canaan” - Fertile Crescent — Judaism, Christianity, Islam (hearth in medina/mecca)

70
Q

universalizing religions

A

appeal to all people, regardless of geo location, easy to convert, christianity, islam, buddhism, and sikhism

71
Q

diffusion of christianity

A

started thru colonialism (relocation & hierarchial diffusion promoting “God, Gold, & Glory”) and spread thru missionaries as well (contagious diffusion)

72
Q

sacred sites of christianity

A

jerusalem (location of where Jesus taught his disciples at a Temple Mount), bethlehem (birthplace of Jesus)

73
Q

diffusion of islam

A

indian ocean trade (contagious diffusion) & adoption by rulers (hierarchial diffusion)

74
Q

sacred sites of islam

A

Mecca (most sacred spot in world for muslims, they orient themselves towards this spot while praying), Medina (second holiest city of Islam where Prophet Muhammed established the muslim community), and Jerusalem (third holiest city & where muhammad arrived on the night he died & spoke with Allah)

75
Q

sacred sites of islam

A

Mecca (most sacred spot in world for muslims, they orient themselves towards this spot while praying), Medina (second holiest city of Islam where Prophet Muhammed established the muslim community), and Jerusalem (third holiest city & where muhammad arrived on the night he died & spoke with Allah)

76
Q

diffusion of buddhism

A

hearth in Nepal & concentrated in Southeast & East Asia (stayed closest to hearth)

77
Q

diffusion & hearth of sikhism

A

monotheistic, hearth - Punjab region, broke from Hinduism bc it didn’t like the caste system, spread thru relocation migration

78
Q

ethnic religions

A

mainly spread thru relocation diffusion, ppl are born into religion unlike universalizing religions, tied closely to ethnicity, geo location is central religion, EX: Hinduism, Judaism

79
Q

diffusion of hinduism

A

spread thru relocation diffusion

80
Q

sacred sites of hinduism

A

Varanasi, Ganges River

81
Q

diffusion of judaism

A

due to forced migration (roman empire & holocaust)

82
Q

diaspora

A

people who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity

83
Q

sacred site of judaism

A

Temple Mount

84
Q

Syncretic Religions

A

mixture of multiple religions

85
Q

transculturation

A

Equal exchange of cultural traits between two cultures; a form of cultural convergence

86
Q

placelessness

A

lost sense of a place that occurs due to mass production and the development of a post modern consumer cultural landscape (shopping complexes)

87
Q

cultural commodification

A

the “selling” of a place’s culture and cultural artifacts to make a large enough profit to support part of the area’s economy

88
Q

interfaith

A

conflict along the boundaries of two different religions (Israel & Palestinians - Judaism & Islam)

89
Q

intrafaith

A

conflict along the boundaries of different branches within the SAME religion

90
Q

fundamentalism

A

belief in complete authority of a religious text or teachings

91
Q

religious extremist or fundemental extremist

A

taking fundamentalism to the level of violence

92
Q

independent innovation

A

a trait that can be traced back to multiple hearths where it developed INDEPENDENT (without contact) of other places

93
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

type of expansion diffusion, idea is adopted in a new location, changed to reflect local culture

94
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

type of expansion diffusion, the idea is adopted in a new location, changed to reflect local culture (ex: McDonald’s around the world)

95
Q

effects of historical diffusion

A

mercantilism, development of core & periphery countries, dependency theory, creolization, lingua franca, shaped pattern & practices of culture

96
Q

ethnic enclave

A

china town, little italy, etc

97
Q

cultural extinction

A

obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation, or combination of all three

98
Q

cultural geography

A

how cultures vary over space

99
Q

cultural imperialism

A

the dominance of one culture over another

100
Q

culture

A

learned way of life - lang, ideology, behavior, gov, etc

101
Q

denomination

A

a particular religious group, usually associated with differing Protestant belief systems

102
Q

ecumene

A

the proportion of earth inhabited by humans

103
Q

environmental determinism

A

a doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by the environment

104
Q

Esperanto

A

a made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language

105
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

the systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide

106
Q

ethnic neighborhoods

A

an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

107
Q

ethnicity

A

refers to a group of people who share a common identity

108
Q

evangelical religion

A

religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system (ex: Islam & Christianity)

109
Q

Gender Inequality Index

A

measures a country’s loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive health, employment, and general empowerment. Higher GII values indicate higher inequalities between women and men and thus higher loss to human development.

110
Q

genocide

A

a premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group

111
Q

ghetto

A

a segregated ethnic area within a city

112
Q

global religion

A

religion in which members are numerous, widespread, and whose doctrines might appeal to diff people from any region of the globe

113
Q

indo-European

A

lang family containing the Germanic & Romance languages that include languages spoken by abt 50% of the world’s people

114
Q

language family

A

a collection of many langs

115
Q

language group

A

a set of language with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics

116
Q

missionary

A

a person of a particular faith who travels in order to recruit new members into the faith represented

117
Q

polyglot

A

a multilingual state

118
Q

romance languages

A

any of the languages derived from Latin, including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian

119
Q

sino-Tibetan

A

language area that spreads thru most of Southeast Asia & China, and comprises of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean

120
Q

one important consequence of cultural extinction

A

loss of indigenous knowledge about ecosystems

aphg (7 decks)

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