Unit 2 - Population & Migration Flashcards
Age-Sex Distribution
Population Pyramid Model
Agricultural Density
The number of farmers per unit of farmland.
Arithmetic Density
The number of people living in a given unit are
Baby Boom
A group of individuals born in US between 1946 to 1964 which was just after WW2 in a time of relative peace and prosperity. The conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
Baby Bust
Period during thte 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the US dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation wanted more education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry late. Due to this, the fertility rate dropped.
Chain Migration
The migration even in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends ro family members to an existing community
Child mortality rate
Numeber of deaths per thousand children withing the first five years of life
Cotton Belt
AKA American South, but now it is known as the New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for the better climate and new jobs
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per year per thousand ppl
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per yhthousand ppl
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time
Dependency Ratio
The ratio of the number of people who are either old or too young to provide for themselves to the number of ppl who much support them through their own labor. Usually is expressed in the form n : 100, where n = number of dependants
Emigration
Moving OUT of country
Epidemiological transtition
Sudden population growth as a result fo improved food security and hc followed by a plateau in growth bc of the subsequent declines in fertility rates.
Gen X
ppl born in US between the years 1965 and 1980
Thomas Malthus
claimed population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases and pop growth would soon outpace food production
Maternal Mortality Rate
number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth
Natural Increase Rate
number of births - number of deaths = NIR
Neo-Malthusian
Advocacy of pop-control groups to ensure sustainability
Physiologic density
A ratio of the human population to an area of cropland, used in LDC dominated by substance agriculture.
Population Density
A measurement of the number of persons per unit of land area
Rust Belt
The northern industrial states of the US, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. Soon they lost the name cuz companies moved to places with lower labor costs and the machinery in the northern states rusted due to the moist northern climate.
Sunbelt
US region (THE SOUTH), mostly comprising of southeastern, and southwestern states, has grown most dramatically since WW2.
Total Fertility Rate
The avg number of children born to women during her childbearing years
Zero Population Growth
Proposal to end pop growth thru a variety of official and nongovernment family-planning programs
DTM Stage 1 : High Stationary
High CBR & CDR, Low life expectancy, high infant mortality rate, low GNI, low or none access to sanitation, death due to exposure and starvation [LDCs] EXAMPLE - parts of BRAZIL, AMAZON
DTM Stage 2 : Rapid Expansion
High CBR, Infant mortality rate, Low life expectancy, GNI, access to sanitation, and LOW CRUDE DEATH RATE, death due to infectious diseases and dirty water [LDCs] EXAMPLE - Palestine, Yemen, Afghanistan
DTM Stage 3 : Late Expansion
DROP IN CBR, slowly decline CDR, falling infant mortality rate, increasing life expectancy, GNI, and access to sanitation, death due to chronic disease [NICs] EXAMPLE - Kenya, Mexico, India, South Africa
Pro-natalist
policies that promote births (Germany - incentives for a father to stay home & Norway - parental leave)
Anti-natalist
policies seek to restrict birth (China’s One Child Policy)
Push factors
unemployment, violence, war, natural disasters, religious persecution, lack of hc, drought, famine
Pull factors
Jobs, climate, freedom of religion, access to hc, education, stable gov, farmable and healthy environment
Interregional Migration
from one region to another
Intraregional Migration
movement within a region
Refugee
flee to a different country [forced migration]
Internally displaced person
don’t cross international borders [forced migration]
Effects of migration
political - changing voting patterns & immigration policies
social - provisions of services, slums
economic - income disparity, filing & lack of jobs
cultural - diffusion of cultural traits, formation of ethnic neighborhoods
Influence the distribution of populations
physical (climate, landforms, and water bodies) & human factors (culture, economics, history, politics)
Impact of methods used to calculate population density
reveals different information about the pressure the population exerts on the land
how pop density and distribution affect society and the environment
affects SPEED, including the provision of services such as medical care, and carrying capacity
Demographic factors which determine pop growth and decline
fertility, mortality, and migration - NIR, doubling time, and SPEED factors
consequences of aging pop
determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy, and the effect is the dependency ratio
forced migration
slavery, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.
voluntary migration
transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban
cohort
a population group that’s distinguished by a certain characteristic
DTM Stage 4 - Slow Growth
Low CBR & CDR, long life expectancy, low IMR, death due to delayed chronic disease and cancer [MDC] EXAMPLES - Canada, China, Australia. USA
DTM Stage 5 - Zero or Negative Growth
Very low CBR (less births than deaths), low CDR, long life expectancy, very low IMR, universal access to sanitation [MDC] EXAMPLES - Germany, Greece, Japan
Demographic Equation
CBR-CDR + in-migration - out-migration / total population
Ecumene
land that is permanently populated by human society
Epidemiological Transition Stage 4
Geriatric, delayed chronic/CVD, cancer
Epidemiological Transition Stage 2
Infectious Diseases
DTM Pyramid wide base shape
Large % of pop entering reproductive years, low life expectancy, high imr, br/dr rates, and tfr rate, LDCs
DTM Bell shape
NICs and DTM stage 3, increasing life expectancy, and imr, br/dr, and tfr is falling
DTM Box shape
MDCs, Stage 4 DTM, high life expectancy, low imr, br/dr, and tfr
DTM Convex [oval shape] (wider middle part, and narrow ends)
Stage 5 DTM, high life expectancy, and low imr, br/dr, tfr
J-curve
only exponential growth, with population growth growing unchecked indefinitely
S-curve
a period of exponential growth before it tapers off and the population stabilizes again
Malthus’ Theory Positive checks
famine, war, and disease
Malthus’ Theory Preventative check
Moral restraint and eugenics
Eugenics
the idea of improving human pops through selective breeding or sterilization
Critics of Malthus’ theory
- couldn’t have foreseen the agri, industrial, and tech advances which made it possible for pop growth to slow and stabilize
- was looking at small, closed system (only applied to England)
- didn’t take migration into account
Critics of Malthus’ theory
- couldn’t have foreseen the agri, industrial, and tech advances which made it possible for pop growth to slow and stabilize
- was looking at small, closed system (only applied to England)
- didn’t take migration into account
Cornucopians
They believe that people will find a way to solve the problem. Don’t believe in pop doomsday.
Critics of Malthus’ theory
- couldn’t have foreseen the agri, industrial, and tech advances which made it possible for pop growth to slow and stabilize
- was looking at small, closed system (only applied to England)
- didn’t take migration into account
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
- the majority of migrants go only a short distance. (friction of distance which time-space compression lessens)
- When migrants do travel far distances, they typically do so in steps.
- Migrants that move long distances typically move to large areas. (they think it has more opportunities)
- Each migration would flow in one direction would produce a counter flow in the opposite direction.
- Natives of towns are less likely to move than rural area natives
- Females are more migratory than males in regions, but males are more likely to travel internationally
- Most migrants are single.
- Rural to urban migration is most common.
- Major causes of migration are economics.
Transhumance
the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures
Guest worker
a legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term
Exceptions to DTM
Russia’s population sink, Tourism economies, countries with high rates of HIV
demographic momentum
Demographic momentum is the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
