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aphg > Unit 2 - Population & Migration > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Population & Migration Flashcards

1
Q

Age-Sex Distribution

A

Population Pyramid Model

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2
Q

Agricultural Density

A

The number of farmers per unit of farmland.

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3
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

The number of people living in a given unit are

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4
Q

Baby Boom

A

A group of individuals born in US between 1946 to 1964 which was just after WW2 in a time of relative peace and prosperity. The conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

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5
Q

Baby Bust

A

Period during thte 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the US dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation wanted more education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry late. Due to this, the fertility rate dropped.

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6
Q

Chain Migration

A

The migration even in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends ro family members to an existing community

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7
Q

Child mortality rate

A

Numeber of deaths per thousand children withing the first five years of life

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8
Q

Cotton Belt

A

AKA American South, but now it is known as the New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for the better climate and new jobs

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9
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per year per thousand ppl

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10
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per year per yhthousand ppl

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11
Q

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time

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12
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

The ratio of the number of people who are either old or too young to provide for themselves to the number of ppl who much support them through their own labor. Usually is expressed in the form n : 100, where n = number of dependants

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13
Q

Emigration

A

Moving OUT of country

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14
Q

Epidemiological transtition

A

Sudden population growth as a result fo improved food security and hc followed by a plateau in growth bc of the subsequent declines in fertility rates.

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15
Q

Gen X

A

ppl born in US between the years 1965 and 1980

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16
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

claimed population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases and pop growth would soon outpace food production

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17
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate

A

number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth

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18
Q

Natural Increase Rate

A

number of births - number of deaths = NIR

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19
Q

Neo-Malthusian

A

Advocacy of pop-control groups to ensure sustainability

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20
Q

Physiologic density

A

A ratio of the human population to an area of cropland, used in LDC dominated by substance agriculture.

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21
Q

Population Density

A

A measurement of the number of persons per unit of land area

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22
Q

Rust Belt

A

The northern industrial states of the US, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. Soon they lost the name cuz companies moved to places with lower labor costs and the machinery in the northern states rusted due to the moist northern climate.

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23
Q

Sunbelt

A

US region (THE SOUTH), mostly comprising of southeastern, and southwestern states, has grown most dramatically since WW2.

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24
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

The avg number of children born to women during her childbearing years

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25
Q

Zero Population Growth

A

Proposal to end pop growth thru a variety of official and nongovernment family-planning programs

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26
Q

DTM Stage 1 : High Stationary

A

High CBR & CDR, Low life expectancy, high infant mortality rate, low GNI, low or none access to sanitation, death due to exposure and starvation [LDCs] EXAMPLE - parts of BRAZIL, AMAZON

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27
Q

DTM Stage 2 : Rapid Expansion

A

High CBR, Infant mortality rate, Low life expectancy, GNI, access to sanitation, and LOW CRUDE DEATH RATE, death due to infectious diseases and dirty water [LDCs] EXAMPLE - Palestine, Yemen, Afghanistan

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28
Q

DTM Stage 3 : Late Expansion

A

DROP IN CBR, slowly decline CDR, falling infant mortality rate, increasing life expectancy, GNI, and access to sanitation, death due to chronic disease [NICs] EXAMPLE - Kenya, Mexico, India, South Africa

29
Q

Pro-natalist

A

policies that promote births (Germany - incentives for a father to stay home & Norway - parental leave)

30
Q

Anti-natalist

A

policies seek to restrict birth (China’s One Child Policy)

31
Q

Push factors

A

unemployment, violence, war, natural disasters, religious persecution, lack of hc, drought, famine

32
Q

Pull factors

A

Jobs, climate, freedom of religion, access to hc, education, stable gov, farmable and healthy environment

33
Q

Interregional Migration

A

from one region to another

34
Q

Intraregional Migration

A

movement within a region

35
Q

Refugee

A

flee to a different country [forced migration]

36
Q

Internally displaced person

A

don’t cross international borders [forced migration]

37
Q

Effects of migration

A

political - changing voting patterns & immigration policies
social - provisions of services, slums
economic - income disparity, filing & lack of jobs
cultural - diffusion of cultural traits, formation of ethnic neighborhoods

38
Q

Influence the distribution of populations

A

physical (climate, landforms, and water bodies) & human factors (culture, economics, history, politics)

39
Q

Impact of methods used to calculate population density

A

reveals different information about the pressure the population exerts on the land

40
Q

how pop density and distribution affect society and the environment

A

affects SPEED, including the provision of services such as medical care, and carrying capacity

41
Q

Demographic factors which determine pop growth and decline

A

fertility, mortality, and migration - NIR, doubling time, and SPEED factors

42
Q

consequences of aging pop

A

determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy, and the effect is the dependency ratio

43
Q

forced migration

A

slavery, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.

44
Q

voluntary migration

A

transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban

45
Q

cohort

A

a population group that’s distinguished by a certain characteristic

46
Q

DTM Stage 4 - Slow Growth

A

Low CBR & CDR, long life expectancy, low IMR, death due to delayed chronic disease and cancer [MDC] EXAMPLES - Canada, China, Australia. USA

47
Q

DTM Stage 5 - Zero or Negative Growth

A

Very low CBR (less births than deaths), low CDR, long life expectancy, very low IMR, universal access to sanitation [MDC] EXAMPLES - Germany, Greece, Japan

48
Q

Demographic Equation

A

CBR-CDR + in-migration - out-migration / total population

49
Q

Ecumene

A

land that is permanently populated by human society

50
Q

Epidemiological Transition Stage 4

A

Geriatric, delayed chronic/CVD, cancer

51
Q

Epidemiological Transition Stage 2

A

Infectious Diseases

52
Q

DTM Pyramid wide base shape

A

Large % of pop entering reproductive years, low life expectancy, high imr, br/dr rates, and tfr rate, LDCs

53
Q

DTM Bell shape

A

NICs and DTM stage 3, increasing life expectancy, and imr, br/dr, and tfr is falling

54
Q

DTM Box shape

A

MDCs, Stage 4 DTM, high life expectancy, low imr, br/dr, and tfr

55
Q

DTM Convex [oval shape] (wider middle part, and narrow ends)

A

Stage 5 DTM, high life expectancy, and low imr, br/dr, tfr

56
Q

J-curve

A

only exponential growth, with population growth growing unchecked indefinitely

57
Q

S-curve

A

a period of exponential growth before it tapers off and the population stabilizes again

58
Q

Malthus’ Theory Positive checks

A

famine, war, and disease

59
Q

Malthus’ Theory Preventative check

A

Moral restraint and eugenics

60
Q

Eugenics

A

the idea of improving human pops through selective breeding or sterilization

61
Q

Critics of Malthus’ theory

A
  • couldn’t have foreseen the agri, industrial, and tech advances which made it possible for pop growth to slow and stabilize
  • was looking at small, closed system (only applied to England)
  • didn’t take migration into account
62
Q

Critics of Malthus’ theory

A
  • couldn’t have foreseen the agri, industrial, and tech advances which made it possible for pop growth to slow and stabilize
  • was looking at small, closed system (only applied to England)
  • didn’t take migration into account
63
Q

Cornucopians

A

They believe that people will find a way to solve the problem. Don’t believe in pop doomsday.

64
Q

Critics of Malthus’ theory

A
  • couldn’t have foreseen the agri, industrial, and tech advances which made it possible for pop growth to slow and stabilize
  • was looking at small, closed system (only applied to England)
  • didn’t take migration into account
65
Q

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A
  1. the majority of migrants go only a short distance. (friction of distance which time-space compression lessens)
  2. When migrants do travel far distances, they typically do so in steps.
  3. Migrants that move long distances typically move to large areas. (they think it has more opportunities)
  4. Each migration would flow in one direction would produce a counter flow in the opposite direction.
  5. Natives of towns are less likely to move than rural area natives
  6. Females are more migratory than males in regions, but males are more likely to travel internationally
  7. Most migrants are single.
  8. Rural to urban migration is most common.
  9. Major causes of migration are economics.
66
Q

Transhumance

A

the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures

67
Q

Guest worker

A

a legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term

68
Q

Exceptions to DTM

A

Russia’s population sink, Tourism economies, countries with high rates of HIV

69
Q

demographic momentum

A

Demographic momentum is the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

aphg (7 decks)

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