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AP Biology - Mrs. Unger 24-25 > Unit 4: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Unit 4: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

Products of one are reactants of other
PS purpose: capture/store energy
CR purpose: release energy

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2
Q

Define

Autotroph

A

Organism capable of using inorganic molecules to make organic molecules (sugars)

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3
Q

What organisms are autotrophic?

A

Plants
Algae, some other protists
Some bacteria

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4
Q

Define

Heterotroph

A

Organisms that rely on organic molecules made by autotrophs for their source of energy / organic matter

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5
Q

What tissue type contains the most chloroplasts?

A

Mesophyll
Found in leaves

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6
Q

Define

Stomata

A

Pores on leaf surface that allow for the exchange of O2 and CO2

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7
Q

Identify the parts of the chloroplast

A

a - outer membrane
b - stroma (liquid portion)
c - thylakoid
d - granum
e - inner membrane

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8
Q

State

Reaction for Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the light dependent reactions?

A

Capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy (in ATP and NADPH)

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the light independent reactions?

A

Save energy from ATP and NADPH (made during LDR) into molecules of glucose

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11
Q

What is the electron carrier in photosynthesis?

A

NADP+ (oxidized)
NADPH (reduced)
NADP+ + 2 e- + H+ → NADPH

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12
Q

Define

Electromagnetic energy

A

Energy that travels as waves, which makes up the electromagnetic spectrum

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13
Q

What is visible light?

A

Electromagnetic energy, which can be detected by the human eye (about 380 to 750 nm; you do not need to memorize these numbers)

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14
Q

Define

Photon

A

A “unit” of energy
Think of a photon as the energy that a single electron pair can absorb, which then allows it to become excited / move to a higher electron orbital

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15
Q

Define

Pigment

A

Molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light

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16
Q

Define

Absorption

Specifically, absorption of light energy

A

Energy that is used by a molecule to excite electron(s)

17
Q

What can happen to light when it hits matter?

A

It can be:
* absorbed (excite electrons)
* reflected (bounce off)
* transmitted (go through)

We don’t discuss transmission but I didn’t want this to be inaccurate

18
Q

Light Dependent Reactions: Location

A

On thylakoid membranes

19
Q

Light Dependent Reactions:
Reactant

A

Water

20
Q

Light Dependent Reactions:
Product

A

O2

21
Q

Light Dependent Reactions: Energy Transformation

A

Sunlight → Chemical (in ATP and NADPH)

22
Q

Light Independent Reactions: Location

A

Stroma

23
Q

Light Independent Reactions: Reactant

A

CO2

24
Q

Light Independent Reactions: Product

A

G3P (and ultimately, glucose)

25
Q

Light Independent Reactions: Energy Transformations

A

Chemical energy from ATP and NADPH → G3P / glucose

26
Q

Define

Photosystem

A

A group of proteins and pigments that absorb light and focus it to a pair of electrons, which can then be passed on

27
Q

Describe the movement of electrons during the light dependent reactions

A
  1. Water
  2. PSII (where it will stay until excited by a photon of light)
  3. Electron transport chain (as it moves through, its energy is used to pump H+ into thylakoid lumen)
  4. PSI (where it will stay until excited by a photon of light)
  5. Electron transport chain
  6. NADP+ reductase
  7. NADPH
28
Q

How is NADPH made during photosynthesis?

A

Electrons are passed to NADP+ reductase, which then bind NADP+ to a H+, making NADPH

29
Q

What is the other name for the light independent reactions?

A

Calvin Cycle

30
Q

State

3 “phases” of the light independent reactions

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. (RuBP) Regeneration
31
Q

What happens during LIR: Fixation

A

Rubisco (enzyme) binds RuBP (five carbon) to CO2 (1 carbon), making a 6-carbon molecule that quickly breaks into two 3-carbon molecules of 3PG

32
Q

What happens during LIR: Reduction

A

3PG is reduced by ATP and NADPH into G3P

33
Q

What happens during LIR: Regeneration

A

1/6 of G3P molecules made by reduction phase are used for making glucose (2 G3P = 1 glucose)
5/6 of G3P molecules are rearranged back into 3 molecules of RuBP

34
Q

Enzyme that adds RuBP + CO2

A

Rubisco
This is the most abundant protein on Earth!

35
Q

Define

Fixation

A

Incorporation of an inorganic molecule to an organic one
Namely, carbon fixation involves adding a CO2 onto RuBP, making an organic 6-carbon molecule

36
Q

What organisms are heterotrophic?

A

Animals
Decomposers (fungi, most bacteria)

AP Biology - Mrs. Unger 24-25 (21 decks)

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