Unit 2: Biochemistry Overview Flashcards
Define
Hydrocarbons
Chains of carbons and hydrogens
Define
Isomer
Any molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms
Define
Structural isomer
An isomer where the bonds are placed differently (ex: butane and isobutane)
Define
Geometric isomer
An isomer where the arrangement of atoms around double bonds differ
cis
Having functional groups and/or carbons that reside on the same side of a double bond
trans
Having functional groups and/or carbons that reside on opposite sides of a double bond
Define
Enantiomers
Mirror image isomers
Draw
Hydroxyl
Draw
Methyl
Draw
Carbonyl
Draw
Carboxyl
Draw
Amino
Draw
Phosphate
Draw
Sulfhydryl
List
Four types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Single units of macromolecules are called
monomers
Define
Polymer
Many connected monomers
What reactions make and break polymers?
Dehydration synthesis makes polymers
Hydrolysis breaks polymers
Energy in metabolic reactions
Making new bonds (forming polymers) requires energy
Breaking bonds (breaking down polymers) releases energy
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction
Left: Reactants - what you start with in a chemical reaction
Right: Products - what you end with in a chemical reaction
Apply the Law of Conservation of Matter to chemical reactions
Whatever atoms are present at the start of a reaction must also be present at the end
Define
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that happen in an organism
Catabolic Reactions
Metabolism where molecules are broken down and energy is released
Anabolism
Metabolism where molecules are built, requiring an input of energy
State the Two Laws of Thermodynamics
1st law: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can be transformed or transferred
2nd law: All transfers and transformations of energy contribute to an increase in entropy in the universe
The 1st Law of Thermodyanimcs is also known as
Principle of Conservation of Energy
What is entropy?
Chaos / randomness
“Unusable” energy
What happens to potential energy throughout a chemical reaction?
Reactants are stable (at their relative low point for potential energy)
Energy is absorbed which destabilizes the reactants, increasing potential energy
New bonds form, which releases energy and lowers potential energy
Products are stable (at a new relative low point for potential energy)
Exergonic
Chemical reaction where more energy is released than required;
Net release of energy from chemical bonds
Endergonic
Chemical reaction where more energy is absorbed than released;
Net increase of energy in chemical bonds
What type of reactions lead to more complex molecules?
Endergonic (since energy is required)
If the reaction happens in a body/cell, then it is considered anabolic, the metabolic reaction where molecules are BUILT
What type of reactions lead to a break down of complex molecules?
Exergonic (since energy is released)
If the reaction happens in a body/cell, then it is considered catabolic, the metabolic reaction where molecules are BROKEN DOWN
What is made as a byproduct of all chemical reactions?
Think: energy
Heat / Entropy
What energy-related terms are associated with dehydration reactions?
anabolism
endergonic
NOTE: This card has been edited/corrected.
What energy-related terms are associated with hydrolysis reactions?
catabolic
exergonic
List the four types of
large organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Monomer of Triglycerides
Glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Monomer of Proteins
amino acids
Monomer of Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
