Unit 1: Biology Review Flashcards
Define
Biology
The study of life
List the
Levels of Biological Organization
From Atom to biosphere
Note: These are grouped into molecular, cellular, organismal, and ecological levels
* Atom → Molecule → Macromolecule
* Organelle → Cell
* Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
* Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
Define
Biosphere
All areas on Earth where life exists
Define
Ecosystem
All living and non-living components of an area
What distinguishes an ecological community from an ecosystem
Communities are all LIVING things in an area
The ecosystem also includes the nonliving components
Define
Biotic
Living or materials made from living organisms
Define
Abiotic
Non-living and not made from living organisms
Define
Population
All members of a species living in an area
Define
Tissue
A group of cells that are structurally and functionally similar, which work together to perform a role within the body
Define
Organ
Two or more tissues that work together to perform a task for the body
Define
Organ system
A group of two or more organs that work together to perform all duties related to a bodily function
Examples of
Organs
include in plants and animals
In animals: heart, lung, skin
In plants: stems, leaves
Examples of
Organ systems
include in plants and animals
Animals: Digestive, Respiratory, Endocrine
Plants: Roots (all oragns below ground), shoots (all organs above ground)
What levels of organization are ONLY foundin multicellular organisms?
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
Define
Cell
The fundamental unit of structure and function
Define
Organelle
Funtional components of cells
Examples of
Organelles
Nucleus, mitochondria, etc
Compare and contrast
Organic and Inorganic Molecules
Organic molecules contain carbon and are generally more complex. They are made by living organisms.
Inorganic molecules usually do not contain carbon and are generally simpler in structure
Define
Reductionism
A way of studying biology by looking at the component parts rather than the whole system
Define
Emergent Properties
Properties that arise in complex systems based on the arrangement / interactions of the component parts
What are the
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Compare and contrast
Prokaryotic and Eukarytic Cells
Prokaryotic - have no membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic - contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus
What groups of living things are prokaryotic?
Bacteria
Archaea
What groups of living things are eukaryotic?
Plants
Animal
Fungi
Protists
Define
Gene Expression
Using information from genes to make proteins (or other cell products)
What are the component parts of DNA?
Nucleotides
Describe the
Human Genome
23 pairs of chromosomes
Each chromosome has hundreds / thousands of genes coiled up
How does energy move through an ecosystem?
Usable energy is lost each time it is moved between forms
This means that all ecosystems need a constant input of energy
How does matter move through an ecosystem?
It is recycled / reused
Define
Evolution
Change in a species over time
What is the main cause of evolution?
Natural selection
Describe
Natural Selection
Theory proposed by Charles Darwin
“Survival of the Fittest”
An individual’s ability to make more offspring makes that individual’s genes become more prevalent in the gene pool
List the
3 Domains of Life
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
List the
4 Kingdoms of Eukarya
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)
Fungi
Protista (protists)
Characteristics of
Kingdom Plantae (plants)
Multicellular
Carry out photosynthesis
Characteristics of
Kingdom Animalia (animals)
Multicellular
Must ingest other organisms for their food (matter and energy)
Characteristics of
Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular
Must externally absorb other organisms for their food (matter and energy)
Characteristis of
Kingdom Protist
Mostly unicellular
Not actually one kingdom, but grouped together because scientists are lazy and resistant to change
You don’t actually need to remember that last bit on tests / quizzes
What was the name of
Charles Darwin’s Book
?
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
often just called
The Origin of Species
List
Darwin’s observations
- Individuals of a population vary
- Individuals make more babies than can be supported
- Species are well-suited to their environment
What was
LUCA
The Last Universal Common Ancestor
A simple, ancient population that arose about 3.5 billion years ago to whom all living things can trace their ancestry
Define
Genome
All genetic information of an organism
