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AP Biology - Mrs. Unger 24-25 > Unit 2: The Macromolecules > Flashcards

Unit 2: The Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Formula for

Glucose

A

C6H12O6

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2
Q

Monomer of

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Types of

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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4
Q

Examples of

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Ribose
Galactose
Fructose
Other trioses, pentoses, and hexoses

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5
Q

Examples of

Disaccharides

A

Lactose
Sucrose

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6
Q

Examples of

Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin

(You do not need to memorize the chart!)

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7
Q

What is/are

Glucose

A

Most important monosaccharide
C6H12O6<br></br>Used for immediate energy

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8
Q

What is/are

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides bonded together

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9
Q

What is/are

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides bonded together

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10
Q

What is/are

Lactose

A

A disaccharide
Found in milk

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11
Q

What is/are

Starch

A

Polysaccharide
Plant glucose storage
Common in potatoes

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12
Q

What is/are

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide
Animal glucose storage
Often stored in the liver or muscles

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13
Q

What is/are

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide
Used by plants for forming the cell wall

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14
Q

Parts of

Fats and Oils

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids

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15
Q

Define

Triacylglycerol

A

A glycerol covalently bonded to three fatty acids

Fats and oils

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16
Q

Common feature of

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic, due to nonpolar bonds between carbons and hydrogens

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17
Q

Examples of

Lipids

A

Fats and oils
Waxes
Phospholipids
Cholesterol and steroids
Pigments

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18
Q

Define

Saturated fatty acid

A

A hydrocarbon with all single bonds
Each carbon in the chain is bound to two hydrogen atoms

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19
Q

Define

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds
Some of the carbon atoms in the chain are bound to only one hydrogen atom

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20
Q

Define

Fat

A

Triacylglycerides with all saturated fatty acids or trans-fatty acids, which can pack in tightly to form a solid

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21
Q

Define

Oil

A

Triacylglycerides with some cis-unsaturated fatty acids, which do not pack in tightly enough to form a solid

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22
Q

Define

Cis-fatty acid

A

Fatty acid chain with a double bond in the cis configuration
The molecule is bent

23
Q

Define

Trans-fatty acid

A

Fatty acid chain with a double bond in the trans configuration
The molecule can be in a mostly-linear structure
Found mainly in foods that have been chemically processed

24
Q

Define

Steroid

A

Lipids that have a four-fused-ring structure

25
Q

List types of

Steroids

A 
Cholesterol
Hormone molecules (ex: testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone)
26
Q

Monomer of

Proteins

A

Amino acids

27
Q

Structure of

Amino acids

A

A central carbon attached to:

  • A hydrogen atom
  • A carboxyl group
  • An amino group
  • An R group
28
Q

Define

R group

A

The part of an amino acid that differs to make each amino acid unique

29
Q

Define

Polypeptide

A

A strand of amino acids

30
Q

Define

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

31
Q

Define

Secondary structure

A

The localized folding patterns of a polypeptide

32
Q

Define

Tertiary structure

A

The overall folding pattern of a polypeptide

33
Q

Define

Quaternary structure

A

The joining of two or more polypeptides and/or other molecules to form a functional protein

34
Q

What causes

Primary structure

A

The DNA instructions

35
Q

What causes

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups of amino acids (not adjacent to each other)

36
Q

What causes

Tertiary structure

A

Chemical attraction of R groups within a polypeptide

37
Q

What causes

Quaternary structure

A

Chemical attraction of R groups of different polypeptides

38
Q

Examples of

Secondary structure

A

β- pleated sheets
α-helix

39
Q

Examples of

Tertiary structure

A

Ionic bonding
Disulfide bridges
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrophobic interactions

40
Q

Functions of

Proteins

A

Enzymes
Transport
Structure
Hormone
Immunity
Movement
Storage

41
Q

Define

Denaturation

A

The loss of the shape of a molecule (usually proteins)

42
Q

Causes of

Denaturation

A

Changes in temperature, pH, or other conditions that lead to weakened chemical attraction of parts of the polypeptide, causing it to lose its three-dimensional shape (and therefore its function)

43
Q

Monomer of

Nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

44
Q

Types of

Nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

45
Q

Describe the function of

DNA

A

Carry the genetic instructions for building proteins
Passed on to new cells during cell division / reproduction

46
Q

Describe the function of

RNA

A

Involved in using the DNA “code” to build proteins

47
Q

List the parts of

Nucleotides

A

Phosphate group
Five-carbon sugar
Nitrogenous base

48
Q

List the

Types of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

49
Q

Describe

DNA nucleotides

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose, and either A, C, T, or G

50
Q

Describe

RNA nucleotides

A

Phosphate, ribose, and either A, C, U, or G

51
Q

Describe the structure of

DNA

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases facing into helix
Hydrogen bonds form between thymine and adenine or guanine and cytosine
Double helix coils into chromosomes

52
Q

Numbering system in

Nucleotides

A

1’ carbon binds to nitrogenous base
3’ carbon binds to free hydroxyl group
5’ carbon binds to phosphate group

53
Q

Define

Antiparallel

A

In DNA double helix, the backbone runs in opposite directions
One strand runs 5’->3’ and the other runs 3’->5’

AP Biology - Mrs. Unger 24-25 (21 decks)

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