unit 4 - malfunctions Flashcards
what is a heart attack?
When the supply of blood to the heart, is suddenly blocked, normally due to blood clots
what causes heart attacks?
blood clots
what is cardiac arrest?
When the heart stops pumping blood around the body
what is the malfunction of the cardiovascular system?
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Hypertension
what causes CHD?
The artery walls become damaged and invaded by fat/cholestorol, depositing fat onto the walls.
This reduces space and interuppts blood flow to the heart
what are the methods for monitoring cardiovascular malfunctions?
- electrocardiogram
- angiogram
- echocardiogram
- chest x-ray
- blood tests
- blood pressure monitoring
what is electrocardiogram?
Test that checks the rythm and impulses of the heart.
ECG will show CHD as the heart rythm will be affected by blockage
what is an angiogram?
A dye is injected into the blood stream.
Under X-rays, the blood flow is highlighted.
Any narrowing of areries can be detected
what is an echocardiogram?
Uses high frequency sound waves that reflect against structures in the heart and create a ‘real life’ image of the heart.
What is a chest x-ray?
it is able to show the size of the heart and see if its bigger than normal (highlight a problem)
Look for fluid in lungs
what are the ways of treating heart conditions?
Angioplasty
Coronary Bypass
Lifestyle
Medication
what are the symptoms of hypertension?
Headaches
Dizziness
what conditions are included with hypertension
Narrowed arteries
Obesity
Kidney disease
Hormone problems
which factors increase the risk of hypertension?
Age
Family history
High salt intake
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Regularly drinking alcohol
what is an angioplasty?
A small microscopic balloon is inserted into narrowed artery and inflated.
A mesh tube or stent can be inserted to keep it open for longer
what is a coronary bypass?
A piece of artery can be used to build up a bypass around a blocked piece of coronary artery
what are the respiratory malfunctions?
Asthma
Emphysema
Cystic fibrosis
what are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
- severe cough
- shortness of breath
- frequent chest infections
- difficulty gaining weight
- abnormal bowel movement
what are the treatments of cystic fibrosis?
- antibiotic
- physiotherapy
- enzyme capsules
- high fat diet
- drugs to think the thick mucus
- FINAL - lung transplant
what is cystic fibrosis?
A rare inherited condition that causes breathing and digestive problems due to thick sticky mucus.
what is asthma?
Chronic inflammatory disease affects breathing.
External factors can lead to construction of airways.
what are the symptoms of asthma?
- shortness of breath
- coughing, mainly at night
- chest tightness or pain
- wheezing
- trouble breathing
what are the triggers of asthma?
- allergens
-airborne irritants - emotional triggers
- respiratory issues
- environment
- indoor conditions
- exercise
what is emphysema?
An incurable disease of the airways.
Permenant enlargement of airspaces, leading to destruction of elastic fibres and alveoli
what does emphysema lead to?
destruction of elastic fibres and alveoli
what causes emphysema?
Heavy smoking over many years.
80% of deaths are linked to smoking
how do you prevent emphysema?
stop smoking
what are the symptoms of emphysema?
- discomfort when breathing
- cough and wheezing
- weight loss
- respiratory failure
- heart failure
how is emphysema diagnosed?
Chest xray or CT scan
Barrelled chest
Muscle waisting
Pulmonary function test
what are the disorders of the digestive system?
Gallstones
Irritable bowel syndrome
Coeliac disease
how are the digestive system disorders diagnosed?
Food and symptom diary
Ultrasound
Endoscopy
Biopsy
what is a food and symptom diary?
Keep track of food eaten and any symptoms for a given period of time
what is an endoscopy?
Involves inserting a tube that has a light and video camera into either end of the digestive system.
Images are relayed onto screens for doctors to see live images
what is a biopsy?
Sample of tissues removed from body for examination under a microscope.
Look at very small structures and identify changes
how is digestive system disorders treated?
- lifestyle changes (gluten free, exercise, reduce stress)
- lithrotipsy (for gallstones)
how are gallstones treated?
- lithotripsy
- high frequency sound waves used to break down gallstones into small particles so the body naturally passes them
where do gallstones form?
Gallbladder
why do gallstones form?
Happen because of high cholesterol in bile causing crystals to form and grow in size
what are the symptoms of gallstones?
Pain
Discomfort
Sweating
Nausea
what are the causes of gallstones?
Being overweight
Fatty meals might trigger pain
Females have higher risk
what is irritable bowel syndrome?
When the muscles than line the digestive system have normal rhythm affected
what are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
Diarrhoea
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Bloating
Indigestion
Flatulence
what are the causes of irritable bowel syndrome?
- alcohol
- fizzy drinks
- caffeine
- chocolate
- fried food
- processed foods
- stress
- not fully understood
what is coeliac disease?
An autoimmune disease meaning our immune system mistakes our own tissue as being harmful and destroys them
what are symptoms of coeliac disease?
Abdominal pain
Bloating
Flatulence
Weight loss
Diarrhoea
Can lead to anemia and osteoporosis
what are the causes of coeliac disease?
Family link
Infection in the gut during childhood might trigger it later in life
what are the disorders of the musculoskeletal system?
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
osteoporosis
what is osteoarthritis?
A condition that causes the joints to become stiff and painful
what causes osteoarthritis to form?
when the cartilage at end of bones breaks down
what are the risk factors of getting osteoarthritis?
Joint injury
Age
Family history
Obesity
Being a woman
what are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
- joint pain and stiffness
- problems moving the joints
- swelling, tenderness and grating or crackling sound when moving the joint
how is osteoarthritis diagnosed?
Assess symptoms and joints
Maybe then further tests such as X-Rays or blood tests
how is osteoarthritis treated?
- exercise and loose weight
- wear suitable footwear
- use devices
- physiotherapy
- extra care, depending on age
what are the physical effects of disorders?
Pain
Discomfort
Swelling
Nausea
Sweating
what are the emotional effects of disorders?
Fatigue due to constant pain.
Reduce quality of life due to limited movement
limit their ability to attend social situations
what are the intellectual effects of disorders?
Depression
Anxiety
Related to lowered quality of life
what are the social effects of disorders?
Increase social isolation
Reduced self efficiency
Strain relationships
Loss of independence
Frustrated, angry
how to prevent osteoarthritis?
Not completely possible to prevent
Exercise
Posture
Losing weight
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints
what are the causes of rheumatoid arthritis?
Not clear what causes it
At risk if;
You are a woman
Family history
You smoke
what are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
Joint pain, swelling stiffness
Sweating
Loss of appetite
Dry eyes
Chest pain
why is rheumatoid arthritis difficult to diagnose?
Many conditions cause joint stiffness and inflammation
what tests can help to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?
Blood tests
Joint scans
Assess physical ability
how is rheumatoid arthritis treated?
Medicine to relieve pain
Surgery
Physiotherapy
how is rheumatoid arthritis monitored?
Includes regular visits to the doctor to have blood and urine tests and XRays or other imaging tests
how is osteoarthritis monitored?
Lifestyle changes
Clinical observations
Blood tests
Bone density
Scans or xrays
what is osteoporosis
A condition that weakens the bones, making them more fragile and more likely to break
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
Is a silent disease so doesnt have any typical symptoms
Stooped posture
Back pains
what are the causes of osteoporosis
Family history
BMI of 19 or less
Overactive thyroid gland
Heavy drinking or smoking
Long term use of steroid tablets
what are the treatments of osteoporosis?
Regular exercise
Lifestyle changes
Physiotherapy
Patient might require extra support
how to prevent osteoporosis?
Regular exercise
Healthy eating and vitamin D supplements
Stop smoking and drink less alcohol
Get some sun
what are the two types of stroke?
Ischaemic
Haemorrahagic
what causes an ischaemic stroke?
Clots blocking the blood vessel in brain, depriving area of brain of oxygen and nutrients and therefore causing cells to die
what causes a hemorrhagic stroke?
Blood vessel in brain ruptures.
The escaping blood is confined by the skull, pressing on brain and causing buildup of pressure.
Damaging the cells
what are risk factors of strokes?
Family history
Male
High salt intake
Smoking
Heavy alcohol drinking
Sickle cell disease
what is multiple sclerosis?
A condition leading to breakdown of myelin sheath on nerves
how is multiple sclerosis prevented?
Stop smoking.
Limit salt intake.
Avoid alcohol.
Diet free cholesterol and fats.
Plenty of fruits and veg.
Exercise regularly.
Maintain a healthy weight
why is multiple sclerosis so difficult to diagnose?
It has similar symptoms to other disease.
It doesnt have a certain cause
what is type 1 diabetes?
Thought to be autoimmune disease where pancreas lining is destroyed during childhood.
Occurs when insulin isn’t produced so individuals rely on insulin injections
what is type 11 diabetes?
Linked with the intake of carbohydrates and fats.
Occur when pancreas stops making insulin or body’s cells stop responding to insulin.
what are the effects of diabetes?
Blood sugar levels rise.
Glucose leaves body as glucose.
Drop in blood sugar leads to fainting, coma etc
Loss of skin sensitivity leading to infection or amputation
what is the malfunction of the liver?
Cirrhosis
what is cirrhosis?
The inflammation and scarring of the liver
what are the causes of cirrhosis?
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Prolonged viral attack
what are symptoms of cirrhosis?
Jaundice
Ascites
Easy bruising
Hepatic encephalopathy
how is cirrhosis diagnosed?
Biopsy
Lab tests
what are the treatments for cirrhosis?
Liver transplant
Find underlying cause (e.g. get medicine for viral infection)
hpow is cirrhosis formed?
- if we dont give our livers a break from alcohol, liver cells can be destroyed by continuous alcohol abuse.
- too much scarring prevents the liver from functioning and can lead to liver failure.
- only transplant can prevent death
what is the disorder of the kidneys?
Nephrotic Syndrome
how does nephrotic syndrome occur?
The immune system overreacts to a common infection and begins to attack parts of the kidney
what part of the kidney gets affected by nephrotic syndrome?
The basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries
what happens after the kidneys are damaged in nephrotic syndrome?
- The blood proteins are lost in urine as kidneys are so damaged
- Albumin gets lost meaning fluid will collect in tissues, causing body to swell, straining the heart and lungs.
- antibodies are also lost, meaning the body might not be able to fight off infections.
- blood clotting proteins are lost, resulting in easy brusing
what is lost due to nephrotic syndrome?
Proteins
Blood clotting proteins
Antibodies
Albumin
how is nephrotic syndrome monitored?
- Treating any medical conditions that might have caused the disorder.
- Medications or changes in diet to help control your signs and symptoms
how is nephrotic syndrome diagnosed?
Urine tests
Blood tests
Kidney biopsy
what are the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?
- Medicines to control the immune system
- If no response to medication, then a transplant is needed
what are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?
- Severe swelling, mainly eyes, ankles and feet
- High cholesterol
- Very high protein in urine
- Low protein in body
what are the causes of nephrotic syndrome?
- Inside of kindey becomes scarred
- Inflammation inside the kidney
- Lupus
- An infection, e.g. HIV
- Diabetes
- Sickle cell anaemia
what are the malfunctions of the eye?
Glaucoma
Cataracts
Retinopathy
Age related macular degeneration (AMD)
how is glaucoma formed?
- pressure in the eyeball is caused by vitreous humour fluid building up and not draining.
- The tear ducts gets blocked/narrow with age.
- The build up of pressure cause fluid to press on the optic nerve, destroying it and causing blindness
what are the causes of glaucoma?
Age - tear ducts narrow/block
High blood pressure - increase fluid in eye
- Genetic link
what are the symptoms of glacuoma?
Blurred vision
Eye pain
what is the treatment for glacuoma?
Eye drops to open the drainage channel in the eye
how is glaucoma diagnosed?
detailed eye test
what are cataratcts?
Cloudy pacthes of protein that develop in lens of eye, causing blurry vision as light can’t hit retina properly
what are causes of cataracts?
Age
Smoking
what are the symptoms of cataracts?
Blurry vision and difficulty seeing in low light.
Poor night vision and halos around light
what are treatments of cataracts?
Surgery to remove and replace the affected lens
how is cataracts diagnosed?
Retinal check
What is retinopathy?
When high blood sugar levels damage the cells of the retina by weakening the small vessels and causing them to leak
what is the cause of retinopathy?
Diabetes
What are symptoms of retinopathy?
Blurred vision and floaters in field of vision
how is retinopathy treated?
Lifestyle changes - diet and treatment for diabetes.
Regular eye exams
how is retinopathy diagnosed?
Detailed eye check
what is age related macular degeneration (AMD)?
A painless eye condition that results in the loss of central vision.
Peripheral vision isn’t affected
what are the effects of age related macular degeneration (AMD)
- Vision gradually blurs
- reading becomes difficult - unemployment
- dulls colours
- affects facial recognition
what are the two types of age related macular degeneration (AMD)?
Dry AMD
Wet AMD
what happens in dry age related macular degeneration?
Cells in macula become damaged due to depositis of drusen
what happens in wet age related macular degeneration?
Abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damages its cells
what are the causes of age related macular degeneration?
Age
what are treatments of age related macular degeneration (AMD)
Medication
Eye drops
Laser eye surgery
what are symptoms of age related macular degeneration?
Blurred central vision and difficulty reading.
Straight lines appear wavy.
Hallucinations.
Objects may look smaller than they are.
Faded colours
what is the malfunctions of the ear?
Deafness
What are the two types of hearing loss?
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
What causes deafness?
Some are born without hearing, but most deafness is due to illness, injury to head, ageing, exposure to loud noise, damage to components in the ear
what are the symptoms of deafness?
Sound is quiet.
Tinnitus
What is the treatment of deafness?
Medical intervention
Hearing aids.
Sign language.
Cochlear implants
what are the causes of conductive hearing loss?
When sound is unable to pass to the middle ear.
Blockage e..g earwax, or build up of fluid from infection.
Perforated ear drum.
Disorder of hearing bones
what is the disorder of hearing bones?
When the bones become fused and don’t pass sound across the middle ear
what are teh causes of sensorineural hearing loss?
Damage to sensitive hair cells in the organ of corti in inner ear.
Damage to auditory nerve
what is mixed hearing loss?
When someone experiences sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss
what are hearing aids?
Small digital or analogue amplifying devices worn in/behind the ears to magnify sound
what are cochlear implants?
Small devices that detect sounds and send impulses to the brain
