Unit four- cardiovascular LO1 Flashcards
anatomy and physiology
what are the jobs of blood?
transport
temperature regulation
exchange of materials
prevent infection
blood clotting
What does the plasma contain?
-protein - clotting, fluids
-glucose - energy
-amino acids - protein
-various salts - conc of blood
-CO2 and various waste carried away
function 1 of blood : transport
- oxygen and CO2 via haemoglobin from tissues and lungs
-nutrients from diet go to storage
-lipoproteins (fat) aren’t soluble.Used as energy source
-hormones from glands which trigger a response
function 2 of blood : temperature
-37 degrees is the optimum temp
-heat generated by all cells and tissues
-control by moving blood around body
function 3 of blood : gas exchange
-capillary in lungs
-oxygen from alveoli to capillary
-CO2 from blood to lungs
-nutrients and waste from osmosis
parts of blood
-erythrocytes = red blood cells
-platalets=trigger blood clotting
-leucrocytes = white blood cells
-monocyte
-eosinophil
-lymphocyte
-neutrophil
-basophil
types of leucrocytes
- monocyte
- eosinophil
- lymphocyte
- neutrophil
- basophil
monocyte details
-remove dead cells and bacteria
-biggest of all leucrocytes
-ability to change into others
-destroy invaders who aren’t trapped
eosinophil details
-help ORGAN formation and help allergic reactions
-several white blood cells to support immune systems
-kills bacteria and parasites
lymphocyte details
T-Type cells
-destroy viruses and cancer cells
-provide IMMUNITY
-inject chemicals or split viruses in half
neutrophil detail
B-Type cell
-largest number of leucrocyte
-produce ANTIBODIES
-first to arrive due to chemical signal
-consume them
-in the infection, its the puss
basophil details
ANTIBODIES
-smallest amount of leucocytes
-white blood cells - allergens, pathogens, parasite, asthma, swelling
-dust, fur,mould, pollen
Function 4 of blood : prevent infection
-immune system
-leucocytes begin immune system
-bacteria and parasites (neutrophil and lymphocyte = antibodies) (monocyte = kill them)
-viruses (lymphocytes destroy them)
function5 of blood : blood clotting
-body sends platelets to damage
-platelets trigger coagulation that turns fibrinogen into fibrin
-fibrin forms a ‘clot’ with platelets and cells
-clot turns into scab
basic structure of heart
-two circuits
(systematic=around body,pulmonary=lungs)
-right side drops co2 and gets oxygen
-left side gets oxygen and takes to tissues
-heart is myogenic
what are the valves between atria and ventricles?
right side:
tricuspid valve
left side:
bicuspid or mitral valve
hearts system
- blood enters the atria simultaneously
- once full, they contract
- pushes blood into ventricles through tricuspid and bicuspid valves
- once full, they contract from bottom upwards
- force closes the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
- blood leaves the heart through the semilunar valves, pulmonary arteries and aorta
- once ventricles are empty they relax and open again
- semilunar valves close to prevent backflow
hearts system sounds
the ‘lub’ is the sound of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves closing
The ‘dub’ is the semilunar valve
why is the left ventricle thicker
it prevents blood entering the lungs, or too much pressure as it can drown us
what side is oxygenated blood on?
left
journey of blood
- superior vena cava/inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary artery
- LUNGS
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- mitral valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
- rest of body
electrical control of the heart
- first impulse starts at SA node (sino atrial node)
- SA node passes current through atria, making them contract
- impulse goes to av node (atrial ventricular). here impulse is slowed enough to allow ventricles to fill up
- impulse then travels between ventricles via Purkinje fibres(cardiac muscle fibres) to bottom of heart
- contraction of ventricles happens at base of heart, squeezing blood into semi lunar valves and into arteries
measuring the impulse
the heart is monitored for issues by looking at ECG trace
- P wave is your atria contracting
- QRS wave is ventricles contracting
- T wave is ventricles relaxing
Impulse causes chambers to relax and contract
artery
- carry blood AWAY from heart
- branch off into arterioles
-OXYGENATED blood. but pulmonary arties have deoxygenated blood - main artery is aorta
- thick muscular walls to cope and maintain blood from expanding and relaxing-pulse
- pressure is higher as lumen is smaller
capillaries
- microscopic
- allow gas and nutrients transfer
- deliver OXYGEN
- remove waste products
veins
- DEOXYGENATED blood INTO HEART
- venules join to form longer vessels known as veins - return deoxygenated blood to heart
- pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood from lungs
- larger lumens - no pressure
- valves prevent backflow of blood
what are the 2 roles of the lymphatic system
network of tissues and organs that rid the body of toxins
1) transport fluid from bodys tissues to blood for removal
2) circulate lymph which contains white blood cells
what does the lymphatic system contain
Lymphatic vessels which are connected to lymph nodes where the lymph is filtered.
It stores and develops lymphocytes which destroy harmful substances
what is lymph
clear fluid that carries the white blood cells as well as waste products
Plasma leaves body’s cells and most returns to venous circulation through venules and continues as venous blood. the remainder becomes lymph
Flows in ONE direction
TONSILS, Adenoids, SPLEEN, THYMUS
what are lymph vessels?
network of tubes connecting the nodes. Lymph fluid passes through here
what does lymph fluid contain
contains white blood cells.
where does lymph fluid come from
- hydrostatic pressure which is when the heart forces water from the plasma which must be returned to circulatory system otherwise it could cause oedema
how is tissue fluid returned
mainly via osmosis
how much of the fluid (not lymph) drains into lymphatic system
10%
where are the lymph nodes located
around the lungs, heart, under the arm or groin
- found from head to around the knee area
what do lymph nodes do
destroy bacteria, viruses, damaged cells, and cancer cells,
- sometimes if they can’t destroy them immediately, they will ‘trap’ them
what are the lymphatic organs
the spleen
the thymus
tonsils
the spleen lymph nodes
- located on left side of the body
- largest lymphatic organ - acts as a blood filter
- control amount of red blood cells
- detects dangerous bacteria, viruses or other microorganism in the blood
- creates white blood cells called lymphocytes
- humans can live without a spleen but they are more prone to infections
the thymus lymph nodes
- located in chest just above the heart
- this stores immature lymphocytes and prepares them to become T-cells
tonsils lymph nodes
- large clusters of lymphatic cells found in the pharynx
- sample bacteria and viruses entering via the mouth
tonsils lymph nodes
- large clusters of lymphatic cells found in the pharynx
- sample bacteria and viruses entering via the mouth
what is angina
- reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain
what is a heart attack
- supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, normally due to blood clots
what is cardiac arrest
- when the heart stops pumping blood around the body
what does ECG stand for
Electrocardiogram
ECG
- a test that checks the rythm and electrical impulses of the heart
- the cardiac cycle is recorded on a graph
- ECG will show CHD as the heart rhythm will be affected by blockage
- also highlights problems with electrical impulses
Angiogram
- a dye is injected into the blood system
- under X-Ray, the blood flow is highlighted
- any narrowing of arteries can be detected
- under local anaesthetic
Echocardiogram
- uses high frequency sound waves that reflect against structures in the heart and create a ‘real life’ image of heart
- allow you to see different structures in heart
- show pumping action and detect abnormalities
- might be used for irregular heartbeat
Chest X-Ray
- able to show size of heart
- look to see if its bigger than normal as that may highlight a problem
- looks for fluid in lungs (link to symptom of breathlessness)
cause of CHD
- artery walls become damaged and invaded by fat/cholesterol carrying lipoproteins which deposit fat onto the walls
- reducing space and interrupt blood flow to heart
what is a diagnosis
- investigation of the symptoms to identify what is the cause
methods for monitoring cardiovascular malfunctions
- ECG (electrocardiogram)
- Angiogram
- Echocardsiogram
- Chest X-Ray
- Blood Tests
- Blood Pressure Monitoring
Treating heart conditions
- Angioplasty
- Coronary Bypass
- Lifestyle
- Medication
What can blood tests also indicate?
- Abnormal heart rhythm
- Haemoglobin levels
- high cholesterol
Blood tests
- any damage to the heart will cause cardiac enzymes to be released
- a higher levels of the enzyme will indicate more severe heart issues (e.g. heart attack)
What is the normal blood pressure
90-120/60-80 mmHg
what is considered high blood pressure
140/90mmHg or above
what do the numbers for blood pressure mean
the 1st number is systolic
the 2nd number is diastolic
symptoms of hypertension
- headaches
- dizziness
conditions included with hypertesion
- narrowed arteries
- obesity
- kidney disease
- hormone problems
factors increasing the risk of hypertension
- age
- family history
- high salt intake
- lack of exercise
- smoking
- regularly drinking alcohol
what is an angioplasty
- a small microscopic balloon is inserted into narrowed artery and inflated
- a mesh tube or stent can be inserted to keep it open for longer
what is coronary bypass
- a piece of artery can be used to build up a bypass around a blocked piece of coronary artery
what medication can be used for coronary heart disease
- Aspirin - thins the blood, making it easier to travel around the body
- Nitrates - treat an angina attack by relaxing and widening blood vessels
- Beta blockers - slow heartbeat and reduce its force, preventing angina attacks
- statins - reduce high cholesterol. slow down lovers production of cholesterol
what slows the electrical impulse of the heart?
atrioventricular node
