unit four - respiratory

Question 1

what does the respiratory system do

Answer 1

takes in air containing oxygen.
enables CO2 to be released

Question 2

alveoli in lungs

Answer 2

• tiny elasticated cavities which are closely surrounded by capillaries
• around 300 million alveoli in lungs
• site of oxygen intake and CO2 removal

Question 3

trachea structure

Answer 3

• leads from throat
• opening is protected from food by a flap called epiglottis which should close when we swallow
• at top is larynx which contains vocal cords and connects nose and trachea, forming air passage to lungs

Question 4

what does trachea branch into

Answer 4

• bronchi
• each bronchus leads to one of lungs where they divide to form bronchioles
• at end of the bronchioles are the alveoli

Question 5

what is trachea, bronchi and bronchioles held open by

Answer 5

cartilage

Question 6

what do the tubes have?

Answer 6

• cilia and mucus

Question 7

what is mucus

Answer 7

• sticky fluid that traps dirt and bacteria

Question 8

what are cilia

Answer 8

microscopic hairs that go back and forth. They move mucus back to the throat where we swallow

Question 9

chemicals in cigarette

Answer 9

damage cilia which is why smokers might develop a cough as this is the only way to clear lungs

Question 10

In between and attached to ribs

Answer 10

intercostal muscles

Question 11

what are lungs seperated by

Answer 11

diaphragm

Question 12

what is around each lung

Answer 12

• double set of coverings called pleural membranes
• between each membrane is a narrow space filled with pleural fluid
  One membrane is attached to the lung and the other to the ribcage and diaphragm

Question 13

what happens when you breathe in

Answer 13

• chest expands
• diaphragm contract

Question 14

what happens when you breathe out

Answer 14

• chest contracts
• diaphragm relaxed

Question 15

ribs breathing in

Answer 15

• muscles between ribs contract, pulling ribcage upward and outward
• enlarged chest cavity, allowing lungs to expand

Question 16

intercostal muscles breathing in

Answer 16

• motions assist lungs by raising the ribs and expanding cheat cavity

Question 17

diaphragm breathing in

Answer 17

• contracts and moves down
• increases size of chest and decreases air pressure inside it which sucks air into lungs

Question 18

ribs breathing out

Answer 18

• rib muscles relax reducing space in chest cavity

Question 19

intercostal muscles breathing out

Answer 19

• relax so ribs move downwards
• reduces size of chest and increases air pressure so air is forced out of lungs

Question 20

diaphragm breathing out

Answer 20

• relaxed and moved upwards in chest cavity
• decreases size of chest and I creased air pressure, pushing air out of lungs

Question 21

how is air moved in and out of the lungs

Answer 21

• brain sends nerve messages to external intercostal muscles and diaphragm to trigger inhalation and message stops for expiration

Question 22

how are alveoli efficient for gas exchange

Answer 22

• vast number means large surface area (2 tennis courts worth)
• very thin walls (one cell thick). minimal distance to travel
• inner surfaces of alveoli are coated with water to allow 02 to dissolve before going through schools

Question 23

gas exchange : diffusion

Answer 23

• high conc of O2 in air than blood
• O2 diffuses into blood and combines with haemoglobin in erythrocytes to Mae oxyhaemoglobin
• allows blood to transport oxygen
• CO2 diffuses in opposite direction, into blood

Question 24

what is cellular respiration

Answer 24

• a process to convert glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• formed from a molecule called adenosine diphosphate
• ATP is weakly bonded and therefore easily broken which enables it to release energy quickly

Question 25

stage 1 cellular respiration

Answer 25

• glycolysis
• breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
• occurs in cytoplasm
• pyruvic acid is transport molecules, passing into mitochondria for stage 2

Question 26

stage 2 of cellular respiration

Answer 26

• Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle
• small amount of ATO generated
• takes place in mitochondria of the cell

Question 27

stage 3 of cellular respiration

Answer 27

• takes place in wall of mitochondria
• requires oxygen
• called Electron Transport Chain
• causes aerobic respiration
• produces ATP and CO2 as a waste products

Question 28

what is diagnosis

Answer 28

series of tests allowing doctors to decide upon a condition

Question 29

what is monitoring

Answer 29

regular check ups to see how disease is progressing or if the medicine is working

Question 30

what is treatment

Answer 30

medicine or action taken to reduce symptoms

Question 31

what are the respiratory malfunctions

Answer 31

• asthma
• emphysema
• cystic fibrosis

Question 32

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

Answer 32

• frequent chest infections
• severe cough
• shortness of breath
• abnormal bowel movement
• difficulty gaining weight
• men, infertility

Question 33

treatments of cystic fibrosis

Answer 33

• antibiotic
• physiotherapy
• enzyme capsules
• high fat diet
• drugs to thin stick mucus
• FINAL lung transplant

Question 34

what is asthma

Answer 34

chronic inflammatory disease affects breathing. external factors can lead to construction of airways

Question 35

symptoms of asthma

Answer 35

• shortness of breath
• coughing, mainly at night
• chest tightness or pain
• wheezing
• trouble breathing