unit four - respiratory Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
what does the respiratory system do
A
takes in air containing oxygen.
enables CO2 to be released
2
Q
what are alveoli in lungs
A
- tiny elasticated cavities which are closely surrounded by capillaries
- around 300 million alveoli in lungs
- site of oxygen intake and CO2 removal
3
Q
trachea structure
A
- leads from throat
- opening is protected from food by a flap called epiglottis which should close when we swallow
- at top is larynx which contains vocal cords and connects nose and trachea, forming air passage to lungs
4
Q
what does trachea branch into
A
- bronchi
- each bronchus leads to one of lungs where they divide to form bronchioles
- at end of the bronchioles are the alveoli
5
Q
what is trachea, bronchi and bronchioles held open by
A
cartilage
6
Q
what do the tubes in your body have?
A
- cilia and mucus
7
Q
what is mucus
A
- sticky fluid that traps dirt and bacteria
8
Q
what are cilia
A
microscopic hairs that go back and forth. They move mucus back to the throat where we swallow
9
Q
chemicals in cigarette
A
damage cilia which is why smokers might develop a cough as this is the only way to clear lungs
10
Q
In between and attached to ribs
A
intercostal muscles
11
Q
what are lungs seperated by
A
diaphragm
12
Q
what is around each lung
A
- double set of coverings called pleural membranes
- between each membrane is a narrow space filled with pleural fluid
One membrane is attached to the lung and the other to the ribcage and diaphragm
13
Q
what happens when you breathe in
A
- chest expands
- diaphragm contract
14
Q
what happens when you breathe out
A
- chest contracts
- diaphragm relaxed
15
Q
ribs breathing in
A
- muscles between ribs contract, pulling ribcage upward and outward
- enlarged chest cavity, allowing lungs to expand
16
Q
intercostal muscles breathing in
A
- motions assist lungs by raising the ribs and expanding cheat cavity
17
Q
diaphragm breathing in
A
- contracts and moves down
- increases size of chest and decreases air pressure inside it which sucks air into lungs
18
Q
ribs breathing out
A
- rib muscles relax reducing space in chest cavity
19
Q
intercostal muscles breathing out
A
- relax so ribs move downwards
- reduces size of chest and increases air pressure so air is forced out of lungs
20
Q
diaphragm breathing out
A
- relaxed and moved upwards in chest cavity
- decreases size of chest and I creased air pressure, pushing air out of lungs
21
Q
how is air moved in and out of the lungs
A
- brain sends nerve messages to external intercostal muscles and diaphragm to trigger inhalation and message stops for expiration
22
Q
how are alveoli efficient for gas exchange
A
- vast number means large surface area (2 tennis courts worth)
- very thin walls (one cell thick). minimal distance to travel
- inner surfaces of alveoli are coated with water to allow 02 to dissolve before going through schools
23
Q
gas exchange : diffusion
A
- high conc of O2 in air than blood
- O2 diffuses into blood and combines with haemoglobin in erythrocytes to Mae oxyhaemoglobin
- allows blood to transport oxygen
- CO2 diffuses in opposite direction, into blood
24
Q
what is cellular respiration
A
- a process to convert glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- formed from a molecule called adenosine diphosphate
- ATP is weakly bonded and therefore easily broken which enables it to release energy quickly
25
stage 1 cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
- occurs in cytoplasm
- pyruvic acid is transport molecules, passing into mitochondria for stage 2
26
stage 2 of cellular respiration
- Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle
- small amount of ATO generated
- takes place in mitochondria of the cell
27
stage 3 of cellular respiration
- takes place in wall of mitochondria
- requires oxygen
- called Electron Transport Chain
- causes aerobic respiration
- produces ATP and CO2 as a waste products
28
what is diagnosis
series of tests allowing doctors to decide upon a condition
29
what is monitoring
regular check ups to see how disease is progressing or if the medicine is working
30
what is treatment
medicine or action taken to reduce symptoms
31
what are the respiratory malfunctions
- asthma
- emphysema
- cystic fibrosis
32
symptoms of cystic fibrosis
- frequent chest infections
- severe cough
- shortness of breath
- abnormal bowel movement
- difficulty gaining weight
- men, infertility
33
treatments of cystic fibrosis
- antibiotic
- physiotherapy
- enzyme capsules
- high fat diet
- drugs to thin stick mucus
- FINAL lung transplant
34
what is asthma
chronic inflammatory disease affects breathing. external factors can lead to construction of airways
35
symptoms of asthma
- shortness of breath
- coughing, mainly at night
- chest tightness or pain
- wheezing
- trouble breathing
36
asthma triggers
- respiratory issues
- allergen
- airborne irritants
- some medicine
- emotional triggers
- environment
- indoor conditions
- exercise
- food allergens
37
what is emphysema
- incurable disease of the airways - build up over many years
- permenant enlargement of airspaces
- lead to destruction of elastic fibres and alveoli
38
what causes emphysema
- heavy smoking over many years
- 80% of deaths are linked to smoking
39
prevention of emphysema
- stop smoking
40
symptoms of emphysema
- dyspenea - discomfort with breathing
- cough and wheezing
- weight loss
- respiratory failure
- heart failure
41
diagnosis of emphysema
- barrelled chest
- muscle waisting
- chest xray or ct scan
- pulmonary function test - spirometry
42
