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Health and social care > unit four - respiratory > Flashcards

unit four - respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

takes in air containing oxygen.
enables CO2 to be released

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2
Q

what are alveoli in lungs

A
  • tiny elasticated cavities which are closely surrounded by capillaries
  • around 300 million alveoli in lungs
  • site of oxygen intake and CO2 removal
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3
Q

trachea structure

A
  • leads from throat
  • opening is protected from food by a flap called epiglottis which should close when we swallow
  • at top is larynx which contains vocal cords and connects nose and trachea, forming air passage to lungs
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4
Q

what does trachea branch into

A
  • bronchi
  • each bronchus leads to one of lungs where they divide to form bronchioles
  • at end of the bronchioles are the alveoli
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5
Q

what is trachea, bronchi and bronchioles held open by

A

cartilage

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6
Q

what do the tubes in your body have?

A
  • cilia and mucus
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7
Q

what is mucus

A
  • sticky fluid that traps dirt and bacteria
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8
Q

what are cilia

A

microscopic hairs that go back and forth. They move mucus back to the throat where we swallow

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9
Q

chemicals in cigarette

A

damage cilia which is why smokers might develop a cough as this is the only way to clear lungs

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10
Q

In between and attached to ribs

A

intercostal muscles

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11
Q

what are lungs seperated by

A

diaphragm

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12
Q

what is around each lung

A
  • double set of coverings called pleural membranes
  • between each membrane is a narrow space filled with pleural fluid
    One membrane is attached to the lung and the other to the ribcage and diaphragm
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13
Q

what happens when you breathe in

A
  • chest expands
  • diaphragm contract
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14
Q

what happens when you breathe out

A
  • chest contracts
  • diaphragm relaxed
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15
Q

ribs breathing in

A
  • muscles between ribs contract, pulling ribcage upward and outward
  • enlarged chest cavity, allowing lungs to expand
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16
Q

intercostal muscles breathing in

A
  • motions assist lungs by raising the ribs and expanding cheat cavity
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17
Q

diaphragm breathing in

A
  • contracts and moves down
  • increases size of chest and decreases air pressure inside it which sucks air into lungs
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18
Q

ribs breathing out

A
  • rib muscles relax reducing space in chest cavity
19
Q

intercostal muscles breathing out

A
  • relax so ribs move downwards
  • reduces size of chest and increases air pressure so air is forced out of lungs
20
Q

diaphragm breathing out

A
  • relaxed and moved upwards in chest cavity
  • decreases size of chest and I creased air pressure, pushing air out of lungs
21
Q

how is air moved in and out of the lungs

A
  • brain sends nerve messages to external intercostal muscles and diaphragm to trigger inhalation and message stops for expiration
22
Q

how are alveoli efficient for gas exchange

A
  • vast number means large surface area (2 tennis courts worth)
  • very thin walls (one cell thick). minimal distance to travel
  • inner surfaces of alveoli are coated with water to allow 02 to dissolve before going through schools
23
Q

gas exchange : diffusion

A
  • high conc of O2 in air than blood
  • O2 diffuses into blood and combines with haemoglobin in erythrocytes to Mae oxyhaemoglobin
  • allows blood to transport oxygen
  • CO2 diffuses in opposite direction, into blood
24
Q

what is cellular respiration

A
  • a process to convert glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  • formed from a molecule called adenosine diphosphate
  • ATP is weakly bonded and therefore easily broken which enables it to release energy quickly
25
Q

stage 1 cellular respiration

A
  • glycolysis
  • breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • pyruvic acid is transport molecules, passing into mitochondria for stage 2
26
Q

stage 2 of cellular respiration

A
  • Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle
  • small amount of ATO generated
  • takes place in mitochondria of the cell
27
Q

stage 3 of cellular respiration

A
  • takes place in wall of mitochondria
  • requires oxygen
  • called Electron Transport Chain
  • causes aerobic respiration
  • produces ATP and CO2 as a waste products
28
Q

what is diagnosis

A

series of tests allowing doctors to decide upon a condition

29
Q

what is monitoring

A

regular check ups to see how disease is progressing or if the medicine is working

30
Q

what is treatment

A

medicine or action taken to reduce symptoms

31
Q

what are the respiratory malfunctions

A
  • asthma
  • emphysema
  • cystic fibrosis
32
Q

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A
  • frequent chest infections
  • severe cough
  • shortness of breath
  • abnormal bowel movement
  • difficulty gaining weight
  • men, infertility
33
Q

treatments of cystic fibrosis

A
  • antibiotic
  • physiotherapy
  • enzyme capsules
  • high fat diet
  • drugs to thin stick mucus
  • FINAL lung transplant
34
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disease affects breathing. external factors can lead to construction of airways

35
Q

symptoms of asthma

A
  • shortness of breath
  • coughing, mainly at night
  • chest tightness or pain
  • wheezing
  • trouble breathing
36
Q

asthma triggers

A
  • respiratory issues
  • allergen
  • airborne irritants
  • some medicine
  • emotional triggers
  • environment
  • indoor conditions
  • exercise
  • food allergens
37
Q

what is emphysema

A
  • incurable disease of the airways - build up over many years
  • permenant enlargement of airspaces
  • lead to destruction of elastic fibres and alveoli
38
Q

what causes emphysema

A
  • heavy smoking over many years
  • 80% of deaths are linked to smoking
39
Q

prevention of emphysema

A
  • stop smoking
40
Q

symptoms of emphysema

A
  • dyspenea - discomfort with breathing
  • cough and wheezing
  • weight loss
  • respiratory failure
  • heart failure
41
Q

diagnosis of emphysema

A
  • barrelled chest
  • muscle waisting
  • chest xray or ct scan
  • pulmonary function test - spirometry
42
Q

what does the digestive system do

A
  • helps to break down food and absorb nutrients into our blood
  • a long tube from mouth to the anus
  • has specialised regions to break down food so it can pass into blood and go to cells and tissues
43
Q
A

Health and social care (5 decks)

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