unit four - respiratory Flashcards
what does the respiratory system do
takes in air containing oxygen.
enables CO2 to be released
what are alveoli in lungs
- tiny elasticated cavities which are closely surrounded by capillaries
- around 300 million alveoli in lungs
- site of oxygen intake and CO2 removal
trachea structure
- leads from throat
- opening is protected from food by a flap called epiglottis which should close when we swallow
- at top is larynx which contains vocal cords and connects nose and trachea, forming air passage to lungs
what does trachea branch into
- bronchi
- each bronchus leads to one of lungs where they divide to form bronchioles
- at end of the bronchioles are the alveoli
what is trachea, bronchi and bronchioles held open by
cartilage
what do the tubes in your body have?
- cilia and mucus
what is mucus
- sticky fluid that traps dirt and bacteria
what are cilia
microscopic hairs that go back and forth. They move mucus back to the throat where we swallow
chemicals in cigarette
damage cilia which is why smokers might develop a cough as this is the only way to clear lungs
In between and attached to ribs
intercostal muscles
what are lungs seperated by
diaphragm
what is around each lung
- double set of coverings called pleural membranes
- between each membrane is a narrow space filled with pleural fluid
One membrane is attached to the lung and the other to the ribcage and diaphragm
what happens when you breathe in
- chest expands
- diaphragm contract
what happens when you breathe out
- chest contracts
- diaphragm relaxed
ribs breathing in
- muscles between ribs contract, pulling ribcage upward and outward
- enlarged chest cavity, allowing lungs to expand
intercostal muscles breathing in
- motions assist lungs by raising the ribs and expanding cheat cavity
diaphragm breathing in
- contracts and moves down
- increases size of chest and decreases air pressure inside it which sucks air into lungs
ribs breathing out
- rib muscles relax reducing space in chest cavity
intercostal muscles breathing out
- relax so ribs move downwards
- reduces size of chest and increases air pressure so air is forced out of lungs
diaphragm breathing out
- relaxed and moved upwards in chest cavity
- decreases size of chest and I creased air pressure, pushing air out of lungs
how is air moved in and out of the lungs
- brain sends nerve messages to external intercostal muscles and diaphragm to trigger inhalation and message stops for expiration
how are alveoli efficient for gas exchange
- vast number means large surface area (2 tennis courts worth)
- very thin walls (one cell thick). minimal distance to travel
- inner surfaces of alveoli are coated with water to allow 02 to dissolve before going through schools
gas exchange : diffusion
- high conc of O2 in air than blood
- O2 diffuses into blood and combines with haemoglobin in erythrocytes to Mae oxyhaemoglobin
- allows blood to transport oxygen
- CO2 diffuses in opposite direction, into blood
what is cellular respiration
- a process to convert glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- formed from a molecule called adenosine diphosphate
- ATP is weakly bonded and therefore easily broken which enables it to release energy quickly
stage 1 cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
- occurs in cytoplasm
- pyruvic acid is transport molecules, passing into mitochondria for stage 2
stage 2 of cellular respiration
- Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle
- small amount of ATO generated
- takes place in mitochondria of the cell
stage 3 of cellular respiration
- takes place in wall of mitochondria
- requires oxygen
- called Electron Transport Chain
- causes aerobic respiration
- produces ATP and CO2 as a waste products
what is diagnosis
series of tests allowing doctors to decide upon a condition
what is monitoring
regular check ups to see how disease is progressing or if the medicine is working
what is treatment
medicine or action taken to reduce symptoms
what are the respiratory malfunctions
- asthma
- emphysema
- cystic fibrosis
symptoms of cystic fibrosis
- frequent chest infections
- severe cough
- shortness of breath
- abnormal bowel movement
- difficulty gaining weight
- men, infertility
treatments of cystic fibrosis
- antibiotic
- physiotherapy
- enzyme capsules
- high fat diet
- drugs to thin stick mucus
- FINAL lung transplant
what is asthma
chronic inflammatory disease affects breathing. external factors can lead to construction of airways
symptoms of asthma
- shortness of breath
- coughing, mainly at night
- chest tightness or pain
- wheezing
- trouble breathing
asthma triggers
- respiratory issues
- allergen
- airborne irritants
- some medicine
- emotional triggers
- environment
- indoor conditions
- exercise
- food allergens
what is emphysema
- incurable disease of the airways - build up over many years
- permenant enlargement of airspaces
- lead to destruction of elastic fibres and alveoli
what causes emphysema
- heavy smoking over many years
- 80% of deaths are linked to smoking
prevention of emphysema
- stop smoking
symptoms of emphysema
- dyspenea - discomfort with breathing
- cough and wheezing
- weight loss
- respiratory failure
- heart failure
diagnosis of emphysema
- barrelled chest
- muscle waisting
- chest xray or ct scan
- pulmonary function test - spirometry
