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Health and social care > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

how do we move

A
  • our skeleton provides a frame
  • muscles contract and relax to allow joint to open and close, creating movement
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2
Q

what is a joint

A

where multiple bones mee5

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3
Q

fixed joint

A

bones meet and fuse together, but no movement is possible
e.g. pelvis and cranium

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4
Q

freely moveable/synovial joints

A

surrounded by synovial fluid
- controlled by ligaments from bone to bone

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5
Q

types of freely moveable/ synovial joints

A

-ball and socket joint
- hinge joint
- pivot joint
- gliding / sliding joint
- condyloid joint
- saddle joint

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6
Q

where are hinge joints found

A

elbow and knee

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7
Q

how does hinge joints move

A

one direction
allow flexion and extension of joint

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8
Q

where are ball and socket joints found

A

shoulder and hip

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9
Q

what movement do ball and socket joints allow

A
  • almost every direction
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10
Q

what does a ball and socket joint look like

A

round end of bone into small ‘cup’ of other bone

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11
Q

where are pivot joints found

A

neck

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12
Q

movement in a pivot joint

A

only rotational movement from side to side

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13
Q

where are condyloid joints found

A

fingers and toes

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14
Q

movement in condyloid joints

A

allow to flex and extend joint and move it from side to side

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15
Q

where are gliding/slipping/plane joints found

A

mainly wrist and ankle

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16
Q

movement in gliding/sliding/plane joints

A

sliding or back and forth motion and twisting

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17
Q

what do gliding/sliding/plane joints look like

A

surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved

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18
Q

what do saddle joints look like

A

between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions

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19
Q

movement at a saddle joint

A

wide variety of movement

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20
Q

what is flexion

A

bending at a joint when the angle of a joint decreases e.g. doing a bicep curl

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21
Q

what is extension

A

straightening of a joint when the angle of the joint increases e.g. elbow when throwing

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22
Q

what is abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body
e.g. shoulders during a jumping jack

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23
Q

what is adduction

A

movement towards midline of the body
e.g. hip and shoulder after jumping jack

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24
Q

what is rotation

A

where limb moves in circular movement around a fixed joint or away from midline of body
e.g. hip in golf when performing drive shot

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25
Q

components in a synovial joint

A
  • ligament
  • cartilage
    -tendon
  • synovial fluid (joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint capsule)
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26
Q

ligaments

A

strong cords joining bone to bone

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27
Q

cartilage

A

found at end of bone and then prevents friction and acts as a shock absorber

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28
Q

tendon

A

attach muscle to bone
- made of strong connective tissues
- allow movement to occur

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29
Q

synovial fluid

A
  • in joint cavity and provides lubrication or ‘oil’ for smooth movement made by synovial fluid
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30
Q

joint capsule in synovial joint

A
  • full of fluid that does two jobs
  • shock absorber or lubricate the joint
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31
Q

synovial membrane in synovial joint

A

produce fluid and keeps the joint in place

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32
Q

joint capsule in synovial joint

A
  • tough outer layer that helps hold bones in position
  • surrounds membrane and fluid
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33
Q

what connects the bones in a synovial joint

A

ligaments

34
Q

difference between tendon and ligament

A

ligament connects bone to bone
tendon connects muscle to bone

35
Q

muscle action at joints

A
  • skeletal muscles are made of fibres with two types of protein which slide past each other using ATP energy
  • sliding leads to fibres shortening and contracting muscle
  • cant slide back until another muscle shortens (antagonistic pairs)
36
Q

antagonistic pairs for movement at a joint

A
  • muscles pull in pairs
  • agonist contratcs, leading to antagonist relaxing
  • allows movement
37
Q

vertical section of bone

A
  • typical bone has a shaft of compact bone
  • compact bone gives structural support and protection of spongy bone
  • compact bone has enlarged spongy ends arranges in irregular sheets
  • underneath this are growth plates
  • bone marrow is in the centre of the bone shaft (where blood cells are made)
  • ends of bone are covered in cartilage to absorb shock and act as a lubricant
38
Q

where are blood cells made

A

bone marrow in centre of the bone shaft

39
Q

main type of blood cells that stem cells become

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
40
Q

what is a transverse section of bone

A

where the cut has been made through the centre

41
Q

osteon definition

A

a unit of compact bone

42
Q

Haversian canal definition

A

the central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

43
Q

osteocytes definition

A

mature bone cells

44
Q

lacunae definition

A

tiny spaces containing the osteocytes

45
Q

canaliculi definition

A

channels that connect the lacunae

46
Q

what can menopause cause

A

osteoporosis

47
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

a condition that causes the joints to become painful and stiff.

48
Q

what causes osteoarthritis to form

A

when the cartilage on the end of your bones break down, causing your bones to break down

49
Q

risk factors increasing chances of getting osteoarthritis

A
  • joint injury
  • age
  • family history
  • obesity
  • being a woman
50
Q

symptoms of osteoarthritis

A
  • joint pain and stiffness and probelsm moving joint
  • swelling, tenderness and grating or crackling sound when moving joint
  • severity can differ from person to person
51
Q

diagnosing osteoarthritis

A
  • see a GP
  • GP will ask about your symptoms and assess your joints
  • they might then complete furthertests such as X-Rays or blood tests
52
Q

treating osteoarthritis

A
  • regular exercise
    -lose weight
  • wear suitable footwear
  • use device to reduce strain on joints
  • more severe symptoms, might need treatments like painkillers or even surgery
  • physiotherapy
  • extra care? age
53
Q

physical effects of osteoarthritis

A
  • degrade cartilage
  • change bone shape
  • cause inflammation
  • results in pain, stiffness and loss of mobility
54
Q

emotional effects of osteoarthritis

A
  • fatigue due to constant pain
  • reduce quality of life due to limited movement
55
Q

intellectual effects of osteoarthritis

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • related to lowered quality of life
56
Q

social effects of osteoarthritis

A
  • increase social isolation
  • reduced self efficiency
57
Q

preventing osteoarthritis

A
  • not possible to completely prevent it
  • exercise
  • posture
  • losing weight
58
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • long term condition which causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints
  • it is an autoimmune disease which means that your immune system attacks your body cells
59
Q

causes of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • it’s not clear what triggers this but you are at risk of
  • you are a woman
  • family history
  • you smoke
60
Q

symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • join pain, swelling, stiffness
  • tiredness
  • high temperature
  • sweating
  • loss of appetite
  • weight loss
  • dry eyes (if eyes are affected)
  • chest pain (if heart or lungs is affected)
61
Q

why is rheumatoid arthritis difficult to diagnose

A

many conditions cause joint stiffness and inflammation

62
Q

what tests will a GP do to diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • blood tests
  • rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies
  • joint scans
  • assessing your physical ability
63
Q

treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • medicine to relieve pain
  • surgery
  • physiotherapy
64
Q

monitoring rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • includes regular visits to the doctor to have blood and urine tests and XRays or other imaging tests
65
Q

physical effects of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • causes joints to become still, swollen and painful
  • lead to damage of the joints, cartilage and nearby bone
66
Q

intellectual effects of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • some have struggled with memory, attention and mental focus
67
Q

emotional effects of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • many can become depressed
  • due to constant pain and struggled with movement
  • limit their ability to attend settings
68
Q

social effects of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • can put strains on social relationships due to pain and loss of independence
  • making people feel frustrated, angry and depressed
69
Q

what are the musculoskeletal malfunctions

A
  • osteoarthritis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • osteoporosis
70
Q

monitoring osteoarthritis

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • clinical observations
  • blood test
  • bone density
  • scans or x-rays
71
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

a condition that weakens the bones, making them more fragile and more likely to break

72
Q

symptoms of osteoporosis

A
  • is a silent disease so doesnt have any typical symptoms
  • stooped posture
  • back pains
73
Q

causes of osteoporosis

A
  • family history
  • BMI of 19 or less
  • overactive thyroid gland
  • heavy dirnking or smoking
  • long term use of steroid tablets
74
Q

treatments of osteoporosis

A
  • regular exercise
  • lifestyle changes
  • phsyiotherapy
  • patient might require extra care or support to get to doctor appointments (age)
75
Q

preventing osteoporosis

A
  • regular exercise
  • healthy eating and vitamin D supplements
  • stop smoking and drink less alcohol
  • get some sun
76
Q

physical effects of osteoporosis

A
  • lead to sudden decrease in bone strength, increasing fractures
  • sudden, severe pain getting worse with movement
77
Q

intellectual effects of osteoporosis

A
  • increased risk of getting dementia
  • depressed
  • anxiety
78
Q

emotional effects of osteoporosis

A
  • worried or scared due to fear of falling and breaking bones
79
Q

social effects of osteoporosis

A
  • lonely
  • worried
  • depressed
  • anxiety
  • reduces self worth
  • worrying about causing fractures, so avoid going to social situations outside their home
80
Q
A

Health and social care (7 decks)

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