musculoskeletal system Flashcards
how do we move
- our skeleton provides a frame
- muscles contract and relax to allow joint to open and close, creating movement
what is a joint
where multiple bones mee5
fixed joint
bones meet and fuse together, but no movement is possible
e.g. pelvis and cranium
freely moveable/synovial joints
surrounded by synovial fluid
- controlled by ligaments from bone to bone
types of freely moveable/ synovial joints
-ball and socket joint
- hinge joint
- pivot joint
- gliding / sliding joint
- condyloid joint
- saddle joint
where are hinge joints found
elbow and knee
how does hinge joints move
one direction
allow flexion and extension of joint
where are ball and socket joints found
shoulder and hip
what movement do ball and socket joints allow
- almost every direction
what does a ball and socket joint look like
round end of bone into small ‘cup’ of other bone
where are pivot joints found
neck
movement in a pivot joint
only rotational movement from side to side
where are condyloid joints found
fingers and toes
movement in condyloid joints
allow to flex and extend joint and move it from side to side
where are gliding/slipping/plane joints found
mainly wrist and ankle
movement in gliding/sliding/plane joints
sliding or back and forth motion and twisting
what do gliding/sliding/plane joints look like
surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
what do saddle joints look like
between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions
movement at a saddle joint
wide variety of movement
what is flexion
bending at a joint when the angle of a joint decreases e.g. doing a bicep curl
what is extension
straightening of a joint when the angle of the joint increases e.g. elbow when throwing
what is abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
e.g. shoulders during a jumping jack
what is adduction
movement towards midline of the body
e.g. hip and shoulder after jumping jack
what is rotation
where limb moves in circular movement around a fixed joint or away from midline of body
e.g. hip in golf when performing drive shot
components in a synovial joint
- ligament
- cartilage
-tendon - synovial fluid (joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint capsule)
ligaments
strong cords joining bone to bone
cartilage
found at end of bone and then prevents friction and acts as a shock absorber
tendon
attach muscle to bone
- made of strong connective tissues
- allow movement to occur
synovial fluid
- in joint cavity and provides lubrication or ‘oil’ for smooth movement made by synovial fluid
joint capsule in synovial joint
- full of fluid that does two jobs
- shock absorber or lubricate the joint
synovial membrane in synovial joint
produce fluid and keeps the joint in place
joint capsule in synovial joint
- tough outer layer that helps hold bones in position
- surrounds membrane and fluid
what connects the bones in a synovial joint
ligaments
difference between tendon and ligament
ligament connects bone to bone
tendon connects muscle to bone
muscle action at joints
- skeletal muscles are made of fibres with two types of protein which slide past each other using ATP energy
- sliding leads to fibres shortening and contracting muscle
- cant slide back until another muscle shortens (antagonistic pairs)
antagonistic pairs for movement at a joint
- muscles pull in pairs
- agonist contratcs, leading to antagonist relaxing
- allows movement
vertical section of bone
- typical bone has a shaft of compact bone
- compact bone gives structural support and protection of spongy bone
- compact bone has enlarged spongy ends arranges in irregular sheets
- underneath this are growth plates
- bone marrow is in the centre of the bone shaft (where blood cells are made)
- ends of bone are covered in cartilage to absorb shock and act as a lubricant
where are blood cells made
bone marrow in centre of the bone shaft
main type of blood cells that stem cells become
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
what is a transverse section of bone
where the cut has been made through the centre
osteon definition
a unit of compact bone
Haversian canal definition
the central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
osteocytes definition
mature bone cells
lacunae definition
tiny spaces containing the osteocytes
canaliculi definition
channels that connect the lacunae
what can menopause cause
osteoporosis
what is osteoarthritis
a condition that causes the joints to become painful and stiff.
what causes osteoarthritis to form
when the cartilage on the end of your bones break down, causing your bones to break down
risk factors increasing chances of getting osteoarthritis
- joint injury
- age
- family history
- obesity
- being a woman
symptoms of osteoarthritis
- joint pain and stiffness and probelsm moving joint
- swelling, tenderness and grating or crackling sound when moving joint
- severity can differ from person to person
diagnosing osteoarthritis
- see a GP
- GP will ask about your symptoms and assess your joints
- they might then complete furthertests such as X-Rays or blood tests
treating osteoarthritis
- regular exercise
-lose weight - wear suitable footwear
- use device to reduce strain on joints
- more severe symptoms, might need treatments like painkillers or even surgery
- physiotherapy
- extra care? age
physical effects of osteoarthritis
- degrade cartilage
- change bone shape
- cause inflammation
- results in pain, stiffness and loss of mobility
emotional effects of osteoarthritis
- fatigue due to constant pain
- reduce quality of life due to limited movement
intellectual effects of osteoarthritis
- depression
- anxiety
- related to lowered quality of life
social effects of osteoarthritis
- increase social isolation
- reduced self efficiency
preventing osteoarthritis
- not possible to completely prevent it
- exercise
- posture
- losing weight
what is rheumatoid arthritis
- long term condition which causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints
- it is an autoimmune disease which means that your immune system attacks your body cells
causes of rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune disease
- it’s not clear what triggers this but you are at risk of
- you are a woman
- family history
- you smoke
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
- join pain, swelling, stiffness
- tiredness
- high temperature
- sweating
- loss of appetite
- weight loss
- dry eyes (if eyes are affected)
- chest pain (if heart or lungs is affected)
why is rheumatoid arthritis difficult to diagnose
many conditions cause joint stiffness and inflammation
what tests will a GP do to diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis
- blood tests
- rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies
- joint scans
- assessing your physical ability
treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
- medicine to relieve pain
- surgery
- physiotherapy
monitoring rheumatoid arthritis
- includes regular visits to the doctor to have blood and urine tests and XRays or other imaging tests
physical effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- causes joints to become still, swollen and painful
- lead to damage of the joints, cartilage and nearby bone
intellectual effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- some have struggled with memory, attention and mental focus
emotional effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- many can become depressed
- due to constant pain and struggled with movement
- limit their ability to attend settings
social effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- can put strains on social relationships due to pain and loss of independence
- making people feel frustrated, angry and depressed
what are the musculoskeletal malfunctions
- osteoarthritis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- osteoporosis
monitoring osteoarthritis
- lifestyle changes
- clinical observations
- blood test
- bone density
- scans or x-rays
what is osteoporosis
a condition that weakens the bones, making them more fragile and more likely to break
symptoms of osteoporosis
- is a silent disease so doesnt have any typical symptoms
- stooped posture
- back pains
causes of osteoporosis
- family history
- BMI of 19 or less
- overactive thyroid gland
- heavy dirnking or smoking
- long term use of steroid tablets
treatments of osteoporosis
- regular exercise
- lifestyle changes
- phsyiotherapy
- patient might require extra care or support to get to doctor appointments (age)
preventing osteoporosis
- regular exercise
- healthy eating and vitamin D supplements
- stop smoking and drink less alcohol
- get some sun
physical effects of osteoporosis
- lead to sudden decrease in bone strength, increasing fractures
- sudden, severe pain getting worse with movement
intellectual effects of osteoporosis
- increased risk of getting dementia
- depressed
- anxiety
emotional effects of osteoporosis
- worried or scared due to fear of falling and breaking bones
social effects of osteoporosis
- lonely
- worried
- depressed
- anxiety
- reduces self worth
- worrying about causing fractures, so avoid going to social situations outside their home
