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BH Michael Kokolis > Unit 4 List 1 Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 4 List 1 Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

amino acid sequencing

A

the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides

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2
Q

analogous structure

A

biological structures having similar or corresponding functions but not from the same evolutionary origin.

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3
Q

anatomy

A

The study of the structure of a plant or animal

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4
Q

biochemical evidence

A

includes DNA, RNA, and protein sequence comparisons, highlighting genetic similarities and differences among species.

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5
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life

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6
Q

cladogram

A

a diagram that shows relationships between species.

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7
Q

common ancestry

A

an ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages.

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8
Q

descent with modification

A

the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor

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9
Q

DNA sequencing

A

the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule

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10
Q

electrophoresis

A

a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge

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11
Q

embryo

A

the early developmental stage of an animal while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother

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12
Q

embryology

A

the study of the embryo and its development from a single-celled zygote (fertilized ovum) to the establishment of form and shape

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13
Q

evolutionary tree

A

a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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14
Q

fossil record

A

a collection of fossils documenting the history of life on Earth

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15
Q

homologous structure

A

an organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms

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16
Q

homology

A

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor

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17
Q

paleontology

A

the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils

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18
Q

phenotypic similarity

A

a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families.

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19
Q

phylogeny

A

The representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.

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20
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

21
Q

vestigial structures

A

non-functional features fully developed and functioning in earlier species but serve little or no present purpose for an organism

22
Q

sedimentary layers

A

formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms

23
Q

adaptation

A

the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment

24
Q

behavior

A

the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes

25
Q

competition

A

rivalry between or among living things for territory, resources, goods, mates, etc

26
Q

fitness

A

an organism’s ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

27
Q

gene pool

A

The combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species.

28
Q

genetic variation

A

differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

29
Q

geographic isolation

A

the physical separation of populations of organisms from one another due to geographical barriers

30
Q

morphology

A

the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms

31
Q

natural selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

32
Q

phenotypic expression

A

The observable characteristics or traits in an individual based on the expression of their genes.

33
Q

physiology

A

the science of life

34
Q

population

A

all the organisms of the same group or species that live in a specific area and are capable of breeding among themselves

35
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species

36
Q

sexual selection

A

the process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities

37
Q

speciation

A

how a new kind of plant or animal species is created.

38
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

39
Q

trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual.

40
Q

Coevolution

A

the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another

41
Q

Convergent evolution

A

occurs when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviours, often as solutions to the same problems

42
Q

Divergent evolution

A

the process by which interbreeding species diverged into two or more evolutionary groups.

43
Q

Founder effect

A

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population

44
Q

Gene flow

A

any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.

45
Q

Gene frequency

A

the ratio of the number of a specified allele in a population to the total of all alleles at its genetic locus.

46
Q

Gene pool

A

the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species

47
Q

Genetic drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

48
Q

Geologic record

A

the irreplaceable account of the joint history between the Earth and living organisms

BH Michael Kokolis (13 decks)

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