Unit 3 List 3 DNA & Heredity Flashcards
cellular division
the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.
egg cell
the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms
epigenetic
relating to changes, especially heritable changes, in the characteristics of a cell or organism that result from altered gene expression or other effects not involving changes to the DNA sequence itself.
fertilization
the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
genome
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
Inherited traits
a particular genetically determined charac- teristic or quality that distinguishes somebody.
Multicellular organism
an organism composed of many cells
sexual reproduction
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female).
sperm cell
a form of gamete or reproductive cell found in the male human body.
autosomal
the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes
complete dominance
a condition wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele
dihybrid cross
a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits
F1 (first filial)
the first generation of offspring
F2 (second filial)
the result of a cross between two F1 individuals (from F1 generation).
genotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
genotypic ratio
the number of times a genotype would appear in the offspring after a test cross
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions
no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, and no selection.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
incomplete dominance
a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype
monohybrid cross
the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait
P (parental) generation
the first in any genetic cross pollination experiment
phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
phenotypic ratio
a ratio comparing the possible outcomes for an organism based on physical appearance
polygenic inheritance
the inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes
population
a group of individuals of the same species
ratio
a numerical comparison of how many offspring will have one phenotype versus another.
variation
the differences between individuals of the same species, caused by genetic and environmental factors
