Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity Flashcards
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Centomere
the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
chromosome
threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell
Codon(Chart)
identify which codons specify which amino acids
crossing over
a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.
daughter cell
the cells that are formed after cell division
deletion
A deletion changes the DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene.
diploid
the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.
DNA
a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique
fertilization
the union of two gametes
frameshift
a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read
gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.
gene
The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.
gene mutation
a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different
genetic code
a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal
genetic variation
a measure of the genetic differences that exist within a population
Haploid
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
homologous chromosome
made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci
Independent assortment
the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
Insertion
a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA
meiosis
a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.
meiosis I
homologous chromosomes separate to produce two haploid cells, each containing chromosomes in the form of paired sister chromatids
Melosis II
the sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes
monosomy
the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells.
mutagen
Anything that causes a mutation
mutation
a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
nondisjunction
failure of the chromosomes to separate
offspring
the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction
parent cell
the cell that divides to give rise to two daughter cells
point mutation
occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed
replication
the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells.
Sexual reproduction
The production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
somatic cell
the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells
substitution
a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
trisomy
The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells
Trait
a specific characteristic of an individual
