Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity

Question 1

Allele

Answer 1

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 2

Centomere

Answer 2

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

Question 3

chromatid

Answer 3

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

Question 4

chromosome

Answer 4

threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell

Question 5

Codon(Chart)

Answer 5

identify which codons specify which amino acids

Question 6

crossing over

Answer 6

a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.

Question 7

daughter cell

Answer 7

the cells that are formed after cell division

Question 8

deletion

Answer 8

A deletion changes the DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene.

Question 9

diploid

Answer 9

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique

Question 11

fertilization

Answer 11

the union of two gametes

Question 12

frameshift

Answer 12

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read

Question 13

gamete

Answer 13

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.

Question 14

gene

Answer 14

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.

Question 15

gene mutation

Answer 15

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different

Question 16

genetic code

Answer 16

a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal

Question 17

genetic variation

Answer 17

a measure of the genetic differences that exist within a population

Question 17

Haploid

Answer 17

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

Question 18

homologous chromosome

Answer 18

made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci

Question 19

Independent assortment

Answer 19

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

Question 20

Insertion

Answer 20

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

Question 21

meiosis

Answer 21

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

Question 22

meiosis I

Answer 22

homologous chromosomes separate to produce two haploid cells, each containing chromosomes in the form of paired sister chromatids

Question 23

Melosis II

Answer 23

the sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes

Question 24

monosomy

Answer 24

the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells.

Question 25

mutagen

Answer 25

Anything that causes a mutation

Question 26

mutation

Answer 26

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

Question 27

nondisjunction

Answer 27

failure of the chromosomes to separate

Question 28

offspring

Answer 28

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction

Question 29

parent cell

Answer 29

the cell that divides to give rise to two daughter cells

Question 30

point mutation

Answer 30

occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed

Question 31

replication

Answer 31

the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells.

Question 32

Sexual reproduction

Answer 32

The production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

Question 33

somatic cell

Answer 33

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 34

substitution

Answer 34

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

Question 35

trisomy

Answer 35

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells

Question 36

Trait

Answer 36

a specific characteristic of an individual