Unit 4 (Genetics) Exam Outline Flashcards
Genetics
Study of patterns in heredity and the variation of organisms.
Heterozygous
two letters are different
Genotypes
genetic makeup of an organism, consists of alleles that the organism inherits from its parents (the letters)
Sex chromosomes
A chromosome that determines sex (gender)
Crossing over
When 2 homologous chromosomes pair together and they cross each other. Some segments break off and reattach to the other chromosome.
Somatic mutation
take place in an organism’s BODY cells and can therefore affect the organism.
Ex: certain types of skin cancer and leukemia results from somatic mutations.
Somatic mutations are NOT passed on to offspring.
Universal donor
Type O blood, anybody can receive it because it has no antigens (substance that stimulates as immune response.) Can only take type O blood.
Gene
a segment of DNA that contains coding for a polypeptide or protein; unit of hereditary information
Incomplete dominance
heterozygous individual expresses both simultaneously WITH blending
ex: red flower & white flower = pink flower
Sex linked
Traits whose genes are carried on an x or y chromosome.
Germ-cell mutation
occur in the gametes (sperm and
egg cells). They can be inherited by the offspring but do not affect the individual themself.
Chromosome mutation
either changes in the structure of a chromosome, or the loss of an entire chromosome.
See section 12-6 (page 225) of old text.
Universal acceptor
Type AB blood because it can accept A, B, AB, or O blood, can only give to other type AB’s
Alleles-
versions of a trait
Mendel’s factors are now called alleles. Controls the characteristics
The letters that show the genes from mom or dad. Alternate versions of a trait.
(One letter?)
Phenotype
Appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype.
Ex: PP, Pp = purple flower
pp = white flower