Ch 8 and 10 quiz outline Flashcards
phases of mitosis in the correct order
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Be able to place the stages of the cell cycle in order, from first to last
Interphase (Gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2)), Mitosis (M) (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase), Cytokinesis
Given diagrams of the phases of meiosis, be able to identify each stage
Given a series of statements, be able to match each with its mitotic stage
mitosis
mitosis divides a cell’s nucleus into two nuclei, each with an identical set of DNA
prophase
DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers form
metaphase
spindle fibers attach to each chromosome. They align the chromosomes along the cell equator
anaphase
Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis usually begins in late anaphase or telophase
Telophase
Nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers fall apart
cytokinesis
cytokinesis divides cytoplasm between two daughter cells, each with a genetically identical nucleus. The cells enter interphase and begin the cycle again.
interphase
the cell copies its DNA and grows in preparation for division. The DNA is loosely organized during interphase
Base pairing in DNA versus RNA (DNA, pairing is A-T, C-G. In RNA, A-U, C-G)
DNA- replication of DNA; adenine - thymine , thymine - adenine , cytosine - guanine , guanine - cytosine
RNA - transcription: adenine - uracil , thymine - adenine, c-g, g-c
Primary function of DNA
The primary function of DNA is to store and transmit the genetic information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them
Know which bases are purines, and which are pyrimidines
Purines
an organic molecule that has a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
- adenine & guanine
Pyrimidine
an organic molecule that has a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
- cytosine & thymine
Structure of a nucleotide
DNA is a nucleic acid. Each DNA molecule consists of 2 long chains of nucleotides. DNA has 3 parts in each nucleotide:
1. sugar molecule - deoxyribose
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen containing base
one of 4 kinds:
- adenine - A
- guanine - G
- cytosine - C
- thymine - T
3 parts in each nucleotide
- sugar molecule - deoxyribose
- phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base
one of 4 kinds:
- adenine - A
- guanine - G
- cytosine - C
- thymine - T
Differences between transcription, translation, and protein synthesis
Transcription- the process by which genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA
Translation- the process of:
genetic code —–> amino acids —–> proteins (nucleotides in RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA) - transports amino acids to ribosomes
Protein synthesis- Proteins carry out the genetic instructions encoded in an organisms DNA. They are made of a sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Transcription (3 pts)
the process by which genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA
- The process of transcription makes copies of only one gene at a time
- Following transcription the RNA molecule moves through the nuclear membrane into the cytosol. Here it will direct the synthesis of proteins.
3 steps of transcription
- RNA polymerase (an enzyme) makes RNA copies of specific sequences of DNA It binds to the beginning of the DNA chain that will be transcribed.
- the DNA molecule separates into 2 chains, only 1 of which serves as a template for the new RNA molecule.
- the enzyme adds base pairs until it reaches the termination signal
- cytosine- guanine
- adenine - uracil
Translation
the process of:
- genetic code —–> amino acids —–> proteins (nucleotides in RNA)
- tRNA (transfer RNA) - transports amino acids to ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Proteins carry out the genetic instructions encoded in an organisms DNA. They are made of a sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
mRNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)- the type of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to ribosomes to form proteins during translation.
consists of RNA nucleotides in the form of a single uncoiled chain. mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell.
tRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) -the type of RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during transcription
consists of a single chain of about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape that binds to a specific amino acid. There are about 45 varieties of tRNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - the type of RNA found in ribosomes. It’s part of the ribosomes involved in making proteins during translation.
is the most abundant form of RNA. rRNA consists of RNA nucleotides in a globular form. Joined by proteins, rRNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made.
Codon (3 pts)
- a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
- Each combination of 3 nucleotides is called a codon. Each codon makes an amino acid.
- These codons make up the genetic code. It is universal among organisms. This supports the idea that all organisms are evolutionarily related
Genetic code among kingdoms/organisms
These codons make up the genetic code. It is universal among organisms. This supports the idea that all organisms are evolutionarily related
Enzymes involved in translation and transcription (important)
Transcription: RNA polymerase
mutation
The process of DNA replication occurs with a high degree of accuracy - I error /1 billion nucleotides. Each error is called a mutation
Diploid
Cell that has both chromosomes of a homologous pair.
Contains 2 sets of chromosomes
- in mitosis
Haploid
Having only one chromosome of each homologous pair. (Half)
Contains a single set of chromosomes
Chromosome
Tightly packed genetic material
Daughter cells
The identical cells produced after mitosis
Homologous chromosome
Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes
Chromatid
One of the identical rods of a chromosome
Gamete
Sex cell; sperm or egg
Chromatin
Loose strands of DNA found in the nucleus
replication
the process of copying DNA in a cell
