Unit 3 Review: Multiple Choice Flashcards
Cell cycle-
Regular sequence of growth and division that cell undergo
Mitosis
mitosis divides a cell’s nucleus into two nuclei, each with an identical set of DNA
Stage in the cell cycle where 1 thing of DNA is equally distributed between 2 identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
Type of cell division where chromosomes number is reduced by half and the daughter cells are genetically distinct from the parents
Interphase
Cell cycle when the cell grows, copies it’s DNA, and prepares to divide
G1
the first period of interphase, cell doubles in size
S
Cells are copying their nuclear DNA, before this stage DNA is stored loosely and stage S organizes it in the nucleus in 2 complete DNA sets.
G2
Cells continue normal function and more growth, things must be in order before the next stage.
Prophase
DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers form
Metaphase
spindle fibers attach to each chromosome. They align the chromosomes along the cell equator
Anaphase
Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis usually begins in late anaphase or teloph
Telophase
Nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers fall apart
Purines
an organic molecule that has a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
- adenine & guanine
Pyrimidines
an organic molecule that has a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
- cytosine & thymine
Nucleotides
parts in a nucleotide:
1. Sugar molecule
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogen containing base
one of 4 kinds:
- adenine - A
- guanine - G
- cytosine - C
- thymine - T
Replication
the process of copying DNA in a cell
Transcription
the process by which genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA
- The process of transcription makes copies of only one gene at a time
- Following transcription the RNA molecule moves through the nuclear membrane into the cytosol. Here it will direct the synthesis of proteins.
Translation
the process of:
- genetic code —–> amino acids —–> proteins (nucleotides in RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA) - transports amino acids to ribosomes
Codon
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
mRNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)- the type of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to ribosomes to form proteins during translation.
tRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) -the type of RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during transcription
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - the type of RNA found in ribosomes. It’s part of the ribosomes involved in making proteins during translation.
protein synthesis
Proteins carry out the genetic instructions encoded in an organisms DNA. They are made of a sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
recombinant DNA/genetic engineering
the combination of DNA from 2 or more sources is called recombinant DNA
Mutagenesis
the formation of mutations in DNA molecules. Ex: changes in the DNA sequence or rearrangement of the chromosomes
Cloning
Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical. Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are just one of many examples. Or they can be made in the lab. Mice, cattle and pigs are commonly cloned.
polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biomedical technology in molecular biology where a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA is amplified to make thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
artificial selection
breeding of organisms by humans for specific phenotypic traits
gene therapy
treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect is called gene therapy
stem cells
Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell
types. Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources:
Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and
Adult tissue (adult stem cells).
