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Salo Study > Unit 4 Exam - APHG > Flashcards

Unit 4 Exam - APHG Flashcards

1
Q

Nations

A

A group of people bound together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland

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2
Q

States

A

A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy

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3
Q

Nation-states

A

A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy (Ex: Japan, Iceland, Denmark)

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4
Q

Stateless Unions

A

A nation of people without a state that it considers home (Ex: Kurds, Basques, Palestinians)

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5
Q

Multinational States

A

A country with multiple culture groups or multiple ethnic groups under a single government.

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6
Q

Autonomous Regions

A

an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority

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7
Q

Semi-autonomous Regions

A

a region that can govern itself in certain agreed areas with the country to which it belongs, but does not have complete power to govern

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8
Q

Sovereignty

A

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

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9
Q

Self-determination

A

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments

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10
Q

Necolonialism

A

continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers.

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11
Q

What are shatter belts and what are some examples?

A

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and ofter fragmented by aggressive rivals (Ex: The Balkans, Eastern Europe, Caucasus, High Asia and the Middle East)

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12
Q

What are chokepoints and what are some examples?

A

strategic, narrow passages that connect two larger areas to one another. When it comes to maritime trade, these are typically straits or canals that see high volumes of traffic because of their optimal location (Ex: Strait of Hormuz, Panama Canal, the Strait of Malacca, the Danish Strait, etc.)

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13
Q

Relic boundaries

A

A boundary that no longer exists, although it may still appear on the cultural landscape (Ex: The Great Wall of China)

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14
Q

Superimposed boundaries

A

political barriers drawn in an area with complete disregard for the cultural, religious, and ethnic divisions within the people living there.

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15
Q

Subsequent boundaries

A

A boundary that is established after the settlement with an attempt to accommodate cultural differences.

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16
Q

Antecedent boundaries

A

a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society.

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17
Q

Geometric boundaries

A

A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs. (A line of latitude (49th parallel) serves as a portion of the boundary between the United States & Canada)

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18
Q

Consequent boundaries

A

a political boundary that has been established as a consequence of a political settlement between two opposing cultural, ethnic, or political groups (Mormons in Utah creating a boundary)

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19
Q

Median line principle

A

the principle that a nation’s maritime boundaries should conform to a median-line equidistant from the shores of neighboring nation-states

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20
Q

Prorupted States

A

a state that has an extension that protrudes from the main territory

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21
Q

Elongated States

A

a state that is much longer in one direction than the other (Ex: Norway, Chile)

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22
Q

Compact States

A

a state that is reasonably small and centralized; it usually somewhat resembles a square. (Ex: Poland)

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23
Q

Perforated States

A

a state that completely surrounds another state (Ex: Italy, South Africa)

24
Q

Fragmented States

A

a state that has several noncontiguous pieces of territory (Ex: Philippines, Fiji)

25
Q

Gerrymandering

A

the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent to create undue advantage for a party

26
Q

Unitary States

A

a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority

27
Q

Federal States

A

states that do not have full sovereign powers, as the sovereign powers have been divided between the federated states and the central or federal government

28
Q

Devolution

A

the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.

29
Q

Balkanization

A

Division of a place or country into several small political units, often unfriendly to one another.

30
Q

Supranationalism

A

the process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance (Ex: NATO)

31
Q

Irredentism

A

a desire by one state to annex a territory of another state

32
Q

Why is there a debate about the # of sovereign states in the world?

A

states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract.

33
Q

What was the impact of the end of WW1 & colonialism on the composition of the world map

A

redrew the world map and reshaped many borders in Europe.

34
Q

What is Territoriality and why can it lead to conflict?

A

it is the persistent attachment to a specific territory and it often brings about political instability and uncertainty in respect of which State controls and exercises authority over the disputed territory

35
Q

What is the difference between physical and cultural boundaries?

A

physical boundaries are based on the geographical features of the Earth’s surface and cultural boundaries are based on ethnographic and cultural considerations, such as language and religion

36
Q

What factors account for cultural boundaries?

A

socio-economics, a position in relation to others based on income, education, and occupation. They often also exist due to differences in language and differences in religion.

37
Q

What was the impact of the Berlin Conference (1884-85) on boundaries?

A

established the legal claim by Europeans that all of Africa could be occupied by whomever could take it.

38
Q

What shape of states are most ideal for communication and why?

A

Compact states are ideal for because they are small and transportation and communication can be more efficient due to the borders’ and centers’ proximity

39
Q

What shape of states are least ideal for communication and why?

A

Fragmented and elongated are least ideal because it is hard to communicate from one end of a long state to another and across oceans and other states.

40
Q

Why was UNCLOS established?

A

it was established because it lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.

41
Q

What rights do states have close to their coastlines?

A

States have more rights close to their coastlines

42
Q

What is the difference between Boundary Disputes and Sovereignty Disputes?

A

a sovereignty dispute is a disagreement between two or more States about which State exercises sovereignty over a certain part of territory while a boundary dispute disputes over the division of land or water bodies among two or more independent countries

43
Q

What are some examples of Boundary Disputes?

A

Chile and Argentina are separated by the physical boundary of the Andes Mountains. However, there are disputes on the southern end because they are sparsely populated and were never clearly defined.

44
Q

What is redistricting and why is it needed?

A

redrawing the lines of the State’s congressional districts, from which candidates for office are elected to serve in the United States House of Representatives. It is needed because districts must be made as equal in population as practicable so that communities have equal access to political representation.

45
Q

What is cracking gerrymandering?

A

drawing districts in such a way as to divide a concentration of specific types of voters across several districts such that they are a minority in each one

46
Q

What is packing gerrymandering?

A

drawing particular districts in such a way as to ensure that another party’s candidate wins that seat by a tremendous margin

47
Q

What is the difference between Unitary states and Federal states?

A

Unitary states are governed by a single, central agency. Federal states are governed by a central government and smaller, subnational governments.

48
Q

What kinds of states are Unitary states?

A

Small states and Nation-states are usually Unitary. (Ex. China, United Kingdom, etc.)

49
Q

What kinds of states are Federal states?

A

Big states and Multinational states are usually Federal. (Ex. United States, Canada, Germany, etc.)

50
Q

What are the 6 causes of devolution?

A

Physical geography, Ethnic cleansing, Ethnic separatism, Terrorism, Economic/social issues, Irredentism

51
Q

What are some examples of devolution?

A

the powers granted to Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly of Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly in the United Kingdom.

52
Q

How do supranational organizations limit the full autonomy of member states?

A

by limiting political or economic actions of member states and by generally having to abide by the rules of the organization as a state

53
Q

What are the impacts of centrifugal forces on a state?

A

divide a state (lead to balkanization/devolution, disrupt internal order, destabilize, weaken).

54
Q

What are the impacts of centripetal forces on a state?

A

Centripetal forces unify a state (provide stability, strengthen, bind together, create solidarity)

55
Q

What is a fragile state?

A

A state that has characteristics that substantially impairs its economic and social performance. These characteristics include weak governance, violence or civil war, or persistent social tensions.

56
Q

What is a failed state?

A

A state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control.

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