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Salo Study > Chapter 21 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

italian peninsula

A

a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south

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2
Q

immigration

A

a process through which individuals become permanent residents or citizens of another country

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3
Q

conservatism

A

promotes free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas

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4
Q

Deism

A

questioning of religion, the idea that God created the world and then left it

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5
Q

romanticism

A

emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual

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6
Q

nationalism

A

a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language/culture

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7
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

a British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights

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8
Q

Voltaire

A

a French Enlightenment thinker that was famous for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties

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9
Q

salons

A

wealthy women’s living rooms where enlightenment ideas were discussed between women who weren’t allowed in coffeehouses

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10
Q

liberals

A

a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law

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11
Q

Samuel Coleridge

A

an English poet, literary critic, philosopher, and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets

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12
Q

Jose Hernandez

A

creator of Martin Fierro, a poem that romanticized the Argentinian gaucho (cowboy)

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13
Q

First, Second, Third Estates

A

social classes in 1789 France, first estate was the clergy, second estate was the nobility, and third estate was the commoners and the bourgeoisie

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14
Q

bourgeoisie

A

a “middle class” between peasantry and aristocracy.

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15
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

created by the third estate, gave them more representation in government and limited the king’s power

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16
Q

Bastille

A

a fortress in Paris used as a state prison by the kings of France

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17
Q

Olympe de Gouges

A

a French playwright whose works asserted that French women should be given the same political right as men

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18
Q

primogeniture

A

eldest son inheritance

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19
Q

Maroons

A

people who escaped slavery to create independent groups and communities on the outskirts of slave

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20
Q

creoles

A

born of european parents in the americas

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21
Q

Mestizos

A

born of european and indian parents

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22
Q

Peninsulares

A

born in spain or portugal

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23
Q

Zionism

A

the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east

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24
Q

Emile Zola

A

a French novelist who took up Dreyfus’ cause

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25
Q

Edmund Burke

A

english statesman who was the philosophical founder of conservatism

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26
Q

John Locke

A

enlightened thinker that argued the the social contract implied the rights of people to revolt against unjust government

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27
Q

social contract

A

agreement between people and their government

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28
Q

Baron Montesquieu

A

enlightened thinker who praised the british government’s use of checks on power by parliament

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29
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

enlightened thinker who’s work rebelled against the social/political privileges of the French aristocracy as well as scientific rationalism

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30
Q

Thomas Paine

A

an enlightened thinker who was militant in his defense of Deism, wrote the Age of Reason and Common Sense

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31
Q

The Age of Reason

A

written by thomas paine arguing in favor of deism

32
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

a US revolutionary document where Jefferson used “unalienable rights”: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

33
Q

United States Consitution

A

a document that created a republic with a bicameral legislative branch, executive elected through electoral college and a judicial branch

34
Q

separation of powers

A

the division of a state’s government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with others

35
Q

checks and balances

A

principle of government under which separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to share power

36
Q

Declaration of the Rights of man

A

a statement declaring basic human rights

37
Q

Code Napoleon

A

part of Napoleon’s reform, made all citizens equal and provided trial by jury and freedom of religion. it also became the law code on any other land he conquered

38
Q

balance of power

A

suggests that states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all other

39
Q

philosophes

A

a new group of thinkers who explore social, political and economic theories in new ways

40
Q

Theodor Herzl

A

an austro-hungarian jew leading the zionist movement

41
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

an enlightened ruler of France (1799-1814)

42
Q

King Louis XVI

A

the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

43
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

leader of commitee of Public Safety, quelled oppisition by execution before being executed himself

44
Q

Tsar Alexander I

A

Russian leader who refused to sign a peace treaty with Napoleon

45
Q

Toussaint L-Ouverture

A

former slave who joined US and French revolutions and led a general rebellion against slavery

46
Q

Miguel Hidalgo

A

a mexican village priest who called on indians and mestizo for support in mexican indpendence from spain in 1810

47
Q

Benito Juarez

A

an indian lawyer from a background of poverty

48
Q

Archduke Maximilian

A

an Austrian who was appointed emperor of Mcexico by the French

49
Q

Jose de San Martin

A

a creole in S. America who defeated royalists to establish an independent government

50
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

creole who continued to push for enlightenment ideals in latin america

51
Q

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

A

classic liberal prime minister of Piedmont-sardinia who helped to unify Italy as a constitutional monarchy

52
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini

A

italian nationalist who had been agitating for italian resurgence since early in the 19th century

53
Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A

an italian general who led the red shirts military force

54
Q

Otto van Bismarck

A

Prussian leader who used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification

55
Q

levee en masse

A

mass male conscription into military service

56
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

European powers exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba

57
Q

Klemens von Metternich

A

leader of the European powers that exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba

58
Q

Haiti

A

rich French sugar and coffee colony on the western end of the island of st. domingue

59
Q

conservatives

A

a person favoring free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas.

60
Q

La Reforma

A

a liberal revolt which resulted in a new constitution for mexico in 1854

61
Q

realpolitik

A

the approach of conducting diplomatic or political policies based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than strictly following ideological, moral, or ethical premises

62
Q

Dreyfus Affair

A

an 1894 scandal that increased support for zionism. it involved a jewish man named dreyfus and anti-semitic feelings

63
Q

socialism

A

a theory which advocates that the means of production, distribution, an exchange should be regulated by the community as a whole

64
Q

physiocrats

A

the new economic thinkers who often followed the ideas of adam smith

65
Q

Adam Smith

A

enlightement thinker who argued for abandoning mercatilism in favor for free trade and he coined the phrase “laissez faire”

66
Q

The Wealth of Nations

A

argued for abandoning mercantilism in favor of free trade. written by adam smith

67
Q

laissez faire

A

governments should minimize intervention in the country’s economy

68
Q

utopian socialists

A

those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

69
Q

Claude Henri de Saint-Simon

A

utopian socialist who advocated strongly for public works that would provide employment

70
Q

Charle Fourier

A

utopian socialist who would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired

71
Q

RObert Owen

A

utopian socialist who established utopian communities in Scotland and the US to provide education for child workers

72
Q

New Lanark

A

the town in Scotland where Robert Owen’s utopian communities were established

73
Q

New Harmony

A

the town in the US where Robert Owen’s utopian communities were established

74
Q

Louis Blanc

A

utopian socialist who worked to get France national workshops

75
Q

Fabian Society

A

a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

76
Q

classical liberalism

A

belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economy, and less spending on standing armies and churches

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