Chapter 21 Key Terms Flashcards
italian peninsula
a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south
immigration
a process through which individuals become permanent residents or citizens of another country
conservatism
promotes free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas
Deism
questioning of religion, the idea that God created the world and then left it
romanticism
emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual
nationalism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language/culture
Mary Wollstonecraft
a British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights
Voltaire
a French Enlightenment thinker that was famous for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties
salons
wealthy women’s living rooms where enlightenment ideas were discussed between women who weren’t allowed in coffeehouses
liberals
a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law
Samuel Coleridge
an English poet, literary critic, philosopher, and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets
Jose Hernandez
creator of Martin Fierro, a poem that romanticized the Argentinian gaucho (cowboy)
First, Second, Third Estates
social classes in 1789 France, first estate was the clergy, second estate was the nobility, and third estate was the commoners and the bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
a “middle class” between peasantry and aristocracy.
Tennis Court Oath
created by the third estate, gave them more representation in government and limited the king’s power
Bastille
a fortress in Paris used as a state prison by the kings of France
Olympe de Gouges
a French playwright whose works asserted that French women should be given the same political right as men
primogeniture
eldest son inheritance
Maroons
people who escaped slavery to create independent groups and communities on the outskirts of slave
creoles
born of european parents in the americas
Mestizos
born of european and indian parents
Peninsulares
born in spain or portugal
Zionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east
Emile Zola
a French novelist who took up Dreyfus’ cause
Edmund Burke
english statesman who was the philosophical founder of conservatism
John Locke
enlightened thinker that argued the the social contract implied the rights of people to revolt against unjust government
social contract
agreement between people and their government
Baron Montesquieu
enlightened thinker who praised the british government’s use of checks on power by parliament
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
enlightened thinker who’s work rebelled against the social/political privileges of the French aristocracy as well as scientific rationalism
Thomas Paine
an enlightened thinker who was militant in his defense of Deism, wrote the Age of Reason and Common Sense
The Age of Reason
written by thomas paine arguing in favor of deism
Declaration of Independence
a US revolutionary document where Jefferson used “unalienable rights”: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
United States Consitution
a document that created a republic with a bicameral legislative branch, executive elected through electoral college and a judicial branch
separation of powers
the division of a state’s government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with others
checks and balances
principle of government under which separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to share power
Declaration of the Rights of man
a statement declaring basic human rights
Code Napoleon
part of Napoleon’s reform, made all citizens equal and provided trial by jury and freedom of religion. it also became the law code on any other land he conquered
balance of power
suggests that states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all other
philosophes
a new group of thinkers who explore social, political and economic theories in new ways
Theodor Herzl
an austro-hungarian jew leading the zionist movement
Napoleon Bonaparte
an enlightened ruler of France (1799-1814)
King Louis XVI
the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.
Maximilien Robespierre
leader of commitee of Public Safety, quelled oppisition by execution before being executed himself
Tsar Alexander I
Russian leader who refused to sign a peace treaty with Napoleon
Toussaint L-Ouverture
former slave who joined US and French revolutions and led a general rebellion against slavery
Miguel Hidalgo
a mexican village priest who called on indians and mestizo for support in mexican indpendence from spain in 1810
Benito Juarez
an indian lawyer from a background of poverty
Archduke Maximilian
an Austrian who was appointed emperor of Mcexico by the French
Jose de San Martin
a creole in S. America who defeated royalists to establish an independent government
Simon Bolivar
creole who continued to push for enlightenment ideals in latin america
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
classic liberal prime minister of Piedmont-sardinia who helped to unify Italy as a constitutional monarchy
Giuseppe Mazzini
italian nationalist who had been agitating for italian resurgence since early in the 19th century
Giuseppe Garibaldi
an italian general who led the red shirts military force
Otto van Bismarck
Prussian leader who used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification
levee en masse
mass male conscription into military service
Congress of Vienna
European powers exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba
Klemens von Metternich
leader of the European powers that exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba
Haiti
rich French sugar and coffee colony on the western end of the island of st. domingue
conservatives
a person favoring free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas.
La Reforma
a liberal revolt which resulted in a new constitution for mexico in 1854
realpolitik
the approach of conducting diplomatic or political policies based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than strictly following ideological, moral, or ethical premises
Dreyfus Affair
an 1894 scandal that increased support for zionism. it involved a jewish man named dreyfus and anti-semitic feelings
socialism
a theory which advocates that the means of production, distribution, an exchange should be regulated by the community as a whole
physiocrats
the new economic thinkers who often followed the ideas of adam smith
Adam Smith
enlightement thinker who argued for abandoning mercatilism in favor for free trade and he coined the phrase “laissez faire”
The Wealth of Nations
argued for abandoning mercantilism in favor of free trade. written by adam smith
laissez faire
governments should minimize intervention in the country’s economy
utopian socialists
those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities
Claude Henri de Saint-Simon
utopian socialist who advocated strongly for public works that would provide employment
Charle Fourier
utopian socialist who would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired
RObert Owen
utopian socialist who established utopian communities in Scotland and the US to provide education for child workers
New Lanark
the town in Scotland where Robert Owen’s utopian communities were established
New Harmony
the town in the US where Robert Owen’s utopian communities were established
Louis Blanc
utopian socialist who worked to get France national workshops
Fabian Society
a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.
classical liberalism
belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economy, and less spending on standing armies and churches
