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salo study > Chapter 16 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

an Italian explorer who made 4 voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic monarchs, opening way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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2
Q

Conquistadores

A

explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadores sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and opening trade routes.

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3
Q

Aztec Empire

A

an alliance of three Nahua city-states: Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan

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4
Q

Inca Empire

A

the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America, it rose from the Peruvian Highlands sometime in the early 13th century

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5
Q

Hernán Cortés

A

a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the king of Castile in the early 16th century.

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6
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

a Spanish conquistador, best known for for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.

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7
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire, along a meridian off the west coast of Africa.

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8
Q

Jacques Cartier

A

a French-Breton maritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River

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9
Q

Samuel de Champlain

A

a French explorer who made between 21 and 29 trips across the Atlantic Ocean, and founded Quebec, and New France

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10
Q

New France

A

the territory colonized by France in North America

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11
Q

Jamestown

A

the first permanent English settlement in the New World

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12
Q

Henry Hudson

A

an English sea explorer and navigator, best known for for his explorations of present day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States

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13
Q

Caravel

A

a small maneuverable sailing ship used in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean

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14
Q

smallpox

A

one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity and caused millions of deaths before it was eradicated. It is believed to have existed for at least 3000 years.

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15
Q

Hispaniola

A

the name Colombus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic

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16
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

swap of Old and New World germs, animals, plants, peoples, and cultures

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17
Q

Mit’a system

A

a colonial system in Peru by which the Spanish government required Indians to perform periodic forced labor, especially in the mines.

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18
Q

Transatlantic slave trade

A

the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas

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19
Q

Indentured Servitude

A

someone who was under contract to work for an employer without pay for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America

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20
Q

Creoles

A

people of European descent who were born in the Americas

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21
Q

Peninsulares

A

pure blood, white Spaniards who were born in Spain but had moved to live in the Spanish colonies

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22
Q

Castas

A

the social organizing system that attempted to ascribe social status based on a person’s socio-cultural lineage

23
Q

Mestizos

A

a person of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish empire

24
Q

Mulattoes

A

a racial term historically used in the Spanish Empire to refer to offspring of a Spaniard and an African

25
Q

Zambos

A

a racial term historically used in the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed Amerindian and African ancestry

26
Q

colonies

A

claimed land settled by immigrants from the home country

27
Q

New Spain

A

the colony that Hernán Cortés formed after taking down the Aztec Empire

28
Q

Tenochtitlan

A

the Aztec Empire’s capital

29
Q

Mexico City

A

the capital of New Spain, which the Spaniards built on the ruins of the Aztec Empire

30
Q

Atahualpa

A

the ruler of the Inca Empire who was captured by the Spanish

31
Q

Lima

A

where the Spanish built their colonial capital after conquering the Incas

32
Q

Viceroys

A

administrators and representatives of the Spanish Crown

33
Q

Audiencias

A

royal courts where Spanish settlers could appeal viceroys decisions or policies

34
Q

Quebec

A

a town and trading post established by the French in 1608

35
Q

John Cabot

A

an explorer sent to North America by the English King to find a northwest passage

36
Q

Virginia

A

where the English established Jamestown

37
Q

New Amsterdam

A

a port town settled by the Dutch that they used as an important node in their transatlantic trade network

38
Q

Potosí

A

a thriving center of silver mining in the Andes mountains in modern day Peru

39
Q

Galleons

A

heavily armed Spanish ships that made their way across the Pacific Ocean to East Asia

40
Q

sugarcane

A

a species of grass that is used for sugar that was grown in Brazil

41
Q

Northwest passage

A

a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and was searched for by French English and Dutch explorers

42
Q

Taínos

A

a group of Arawaks native to the Caribbean

43
Q

Nahuatl

A

the language of the Aztec

44
Q

Florentine Codex

A

one of the most widely cited sources about Aztec life before and after conquest created by a Spanish priest

45
Q

Virgin of Guadalupe

A

a cult was created around her and Mexicans believed she could perform miracles

46
Q

Vodun

A

a religion that is a descendant of West African animist traditions, practiced mainly in Haiti and includes elements of Catholicism

47
Q

Santeria

A

a Cuban religion that combines Christianity and the traditions of the Aja people in Africa

48
Q

Candomble

A

a Brazilian religion that combines Christianity with the traditions of the Yoruba in modern day Nigeria

49
Q

Encomienda

A

a Spanish labor system used to gain access to gold and other resources where they compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

50
Q

Encomenderos

A

landowners who compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

51
Q

Engenhos

A

what sugar plantations were called when they were processing mass amounts of sugar. (this translates to “engine”)

52
Q

cash crop

A

crops that are grown for sale rather than subsistence, such as sugar and tobacco

53
Q

London Company

A

a joint-stock company headquartered in England that owned Jamestown

54
Q

Tobacco

A

a native plant grown by several tribes of American Indians that proved profitable for Jamestown

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