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Salo Study > Chapter 22 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

spinning jenny

A

allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time (James Hargreaves in the 1760s)

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2
Q

water frame

A

used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel (Richard Arkwright 1769)

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3
Q

James Hargreaves

A

created the spinning jenny

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4
Q

Richard Arkwright

A

created the water frame and is considered the father of the factory system

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5
Q

Eli Whitney

A

best known for developing the cotton gin, an inventor that created interchangeable parts, which changed the industry forever

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6
Q

interchangeable parts

A

the idea that all parts to make a product are the same and can easily be replaced when broken

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7
Q

steam engine

A

a new power source that harnessed coal power to create steam which generated energy for machines in textile factories

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8
Q

James Watt

A

created the steam engine

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9
Q

steamship

A

a ship that was powered by a steam engine and could travel easily upstream which revolutionized transportation of products

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10
Q

crop rotation

A

rotating different crops in and out of a field each year

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11
Q

seed drill

A

a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground

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12
Q

seaways

A

routes on the Atlantic Ocean that were used by Britain

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13
Q

raw materials

A

the input goods or inventory that a company needs to manufacture its products

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14
Q

fossil fuels

A

an energy source derived from plant and animal remains

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15
Q

Transcontinental Railroad

A

railroad that connected the Atlantic and pacific oceans and facilitated US industrial growth

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16
Q

second industrial revolution

A

occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and had innovations in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics

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17
Q

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A

railroad that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade with countries in East Asia

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18
Q

Bessemer process

A

the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.

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19
Q

urbanization

A

the growth of cities

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20
Q

Protestant work ethic

A

the religious importance attached to laboring at one’s job

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21
Q

Meiji

A

the first half of the Empire of Japan

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22
Q

Otto van Bismarck

A

Prussian leader who started workers accident compensation insurance, unemployment insurance and old age pensions for employees

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23
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines (1760-1840)

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24
Q

industrialization

A

not only the increased mechanization of production, but also the social changes that accompanied this shift

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25
Q

cottage industry

A

merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes

26
Q

putting-out system

A

another word for the cottage industry

27
Q

factory system

A

a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor

28
Q

division of labor

A

each worker specializes in a specific task so that tasks get done faster

29
Q

assembly line

A

it is each workers job to do one small part, so that things could be assembled much quicker by moving down the line of people doing simple tasks

30
Q

agricultural revolution

A

predated the industrial revolutions in the 1700s and resulted in increased productivity

31
Q

enclosure movement

A

the government fenced off the commons in order to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege for who purchased the land

32
Q

Manchester

A

urban areas that small farmers moved to during the enclosure movement

33
Q

Liverpool

A

urban areas that small farmers moved to during the enclosure movement

34
Q

capital

A

money available to invest in businesses

35
Q

human capital

A

the workforce

36
Q

consumerism

A

the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.

37
Q

corporations

A

businesses chartered by a government as a legal entity

38
Q

stockholders

A

individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market

39
Q

stock market

A

venues where buyers and sellers meet to exchange equity shares of public corporations

40
Q

monopoly

A

when corporations became so powerful that they controlled all aspects of a specific business and eliminated all competition

41
Q

The Wealth of Nations

A

a foundational text in support of capitalism and the establishment of private entrepreneurship

42
Q

Adam Smith

A

wrote the wealth of nations and advocated for capitalism and the “invisible hand” of the market as well as “laissez faire” economy

43
Q

capitalism

A

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

44
Q

laissez faire

A

opposed all government regulations that limited business

45
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

an English philosopher who was one of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism

46
Q

utilitarianism

A

the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

47
Q

socialism

A

a system in which major resources and industries would be owned by the workers or the government on behalf of all people

48
Q

utopia

A

n imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or near-perfect qualities for its members

49
Q

Karl Marx

A

a German scholar and writer who was critical of utopian socialists

50
Q

Friedrich Engels

A

a German philosopher who was the father of communism

51
Q

The Communist Manifesto

A

a pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848.

52
Q

means of production

A

machines, factories, mines, and land

53
Q

communism

A

Marxist socialism that advocated for class war and led to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

54
Q

tenement

A

shoddily constructed apartment buildings that were often owned by factory owners and were located in urban slums

55
Q

slums

A

areas of cities where low income families were forced to live

56
Q

working class

A

slum dwellers who labored in factories an coal mines

57
Q

white collar

A

those held by office workers

58
Q

captions of industry

A

newly wealthy industrialists and owners of large corporations

59
Q

cult of domesticity

A

idealizing the female homemaker and encouraged women to buy household products that would make the home a husband’s place of respite from a harsh modern world

60
Q

labor unions

A

organizations of workers that advocate for the right to bargain over these patterns with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract

61
Q

proletariat

A

one of the two basic classes that capitalism broken society into

62
Q

bourgeousie

A

one of the two basic classes that capitalism broken society into

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