Chapter 22 Key Terms Flashcards
spinning jenny
allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time (James Hargreaves in the 1760s)
water frame
used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel (Richard Arkwright 1769)
James Hargreaves
created the spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright
created the water frame and is considered the father of the factory system
Eli Whitney
best known for developing the cotton gin, an inventor that created interchangeable parts, which changed the industry forever
interchangeable parts
the idea that all parts to make a product are the same and can easily be replaced when broken
steam engine
a new power source that harnessed coal power to create steam which generated energy for machines in textile factories
James Watt
created the steam engine
steamship
a ship that was powered by a steam engine and could travel easily upstream which revolutionized transportation of products
crop rotation
rotating different crops in and out of a field each year
seed drill
a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground
seaways
routes on the Atlantic Ocean that were used by Britain
raw materials
the input goods or inventory that a company needs to manufacture its products
fossil fuels
an energy source derived from plant and animal remains
Transcontinental Railroad
railroad that connected the Atlantic and pacific oceans and facilitated US industrial growth
second industrial revolution
occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and had innovations in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics
Trans-Siberian Railroad
railroad that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade with countries in East Asia
Bessemer process
the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.
urbanization
the growth of cities
Protestant work ethic
the religious importance attached to laboring at one’s job
Meiji
the first half of the Empire of Japan
Otto van Bismarck
Prussian leader who started workers accident compensation insurance, unemployment insurance and old age pensions for employees
Industrial Revolution
the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines (1760-1840)
industrialization
not only the increased mechanization of production, but also the social changes that accompanied this shift
cottage industry
merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes
putting-out system
another word for the cottage industry
factory system
a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor
division of labor
each worker specializes in a specific task so that tasks get done faster
assembly line
it is each workers job to do one small part, so that things could be assembled much quicker by moving down the line of people doing simple tasks
agricultural revolution
predated the industrial revolutions in the 1700s and resulted in increased productivity
enclosure movement
the government fenced off the commons in order to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege for who purchased the land
Manchester
urban areas that small farmers moved to during the enclosure movement
Liverpool
urban areas that small farmers moved to during the enclosure movement
capital
money available to invest in businesses
human capital
the workforce
consumerism
the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.
corporations
businesses chartered by a government as a legal entity
stockholders
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market
stock market
venues where buyers and sellers meet to exchange equity shares of public corporations
monopoly
when corporations became so powerful that they controlled all aspects of a specific business and eliminated all competition
The Wealth of Nations
a foundational text in support of capitalism and the establishment of private entrepreneurship
Adam Smith
wrote the wealth of nations and advocated for capitalism and the “invisible hand” of the market as well as “laissez faire” economy
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
laissez faire
opposed all government regulations that limited business
John Stuart Mill
an English philosopher who was one of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism
utilitarianism
the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
socialism
a system in which major resources and industries would be owned by the workers or the government on behalf of all people
utopia
n imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or near-perfect qualities for its members
Karl Marx
a German scholar and writer who was critical of utopian socialists
Friedrich Engels
a German philosopher who was the father of communism
The Communist Manifesto
a pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848.
means of production
machines, factories, mines, and land
communism
Marxist socialism that advocated for class war and led to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
tenement
shoddily constructed apartment buildings that were often owned by factory owners and were located in urban slums
slums
areas of cities where low income families were forced to live
working class
slum dwellers who labored in factories an coal mines
white collar
those held by office workers
captions of industry
newly wealthy industrialists and owners of large corporations
cult of domesticity
idealizing the female homemaker and encouraged women to buy household products that would make the home a husband’s place of respite from a harsh modern world
labor unions
organizations of workers that advocate for the right to bargain over these patterns with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract
proletariat
one of the two basic classes that capitalism broken society into
bourgeousie
one of the two basic classes that capitalism broken society into
