Unit 4 day 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The larger size and complex packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes means they must be replicated from what?

A

Multiple origins.

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2
Q

Synthesizing the ends of the chromosomes is difficult because of what?

A

The lack of a primer.

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3
Q

With each round of DNA replication the linear eukaryotic chromosome becomes what?

A

Shorter

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4
Q

What are mutations?

A

It is mistakes during DNA replication can lead to changes in the DNA sequence and other DNA damage.

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5
Q

What are mutagens?

A

It is DNA that can also be damaged by chemical or physical agents

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6
Q

What is specific DNA repair?

A

It targets a particular type of DNA damage

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7
Q

What is an example of specific DNA repair?

A

Thymine dimers

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8
Q

What is non-specific DNA repair?

A

It can repair many different kinds of damage

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9
Q

What is an example of non-specific DNA repair?

A

Excision repair

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10
Q

What is central dogma of molecular biology?

A

It states that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to protein

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11
Q

What is transcription?

A

It is the flow of information from DNA to RNA

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12
Q

What is translation?

A

It is the flow of information from RNA to protein

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13
Q

What do we know today about the nature of genes?

A

One gene- one polypeptide hypothesis

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14
Q

What are the main 4 nucleotides?

A

A, T, G, C

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15
Q

Crick and Brenner determined that DNA is read in sets of what?

A

3 nucleotides for each amino acid

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16
Q

What is codon?

A

A set of 3 nucleotides specifying a certain amino acid

17
Q

What is a reading frame?

A

The series of nucleotides that will produce the “right” protein when read in sets of 3.

18
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UUA, UGA, and UAG

19
Q

What is the start codons?

20
Q

What is degenerate?

A

The remainder of the code

21
Q

What does degenerate mean?

A

Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

22
Q

What is wobble pairing?

A

It is the last base is the variable.

23
Q

What does template DNA strand do?

24
Q

What does coding DNA strand do?

A

It is the complementary to the template strand

25
What is RNA polymerase?
It is an enzyme that synthesized the primary RNA transcript using the template DNA strand
26
What is RNA transcript?
It has the same nucleotide sequence as the coding for DNA strand.
27
What is initiation regarding transcription?
RNA polymerase identifies a specific starting DNA sequence.
28
What is elongation regarding transcription?
Ribonucleotides are added to the 3' end of the new RNA
29
What is termination regarding transcription?
RNA polymerase stops when it encounters a terminating DNA sequence.
30
How many types RNA are required for gene expression?
6 types
31
What does mRNA do?
It carries the information from DNA that encodes proteins
32
What does rRNA do?
It is a structural component of the ribosome
33
What does tRNA do?
It carries AA to the ribosome from translation
34
What is mRNA?
It is messenger RNA
35
What is rRNA?
It is ribosomal RNA
36
What is tRNA?
It is transfer RNA
37
What is the sigma factor?
It is what is required for transcription initiation
38
Does translation or transcription come first?
Transcription