Unit 1 exam review Flashcards
Understand all the cards, not just memorize them
What are the components of life?
The components of life are carbon and water
What is life?
It must be able to replicate itself without aid of another organism.
State and explain the types of hypothesis
Alternative and Null. Alternative is the one that predicts anything other than the null hypothesis. The null is the one that makes a prediction about what will be tested.
In the case of testing how high a certain type of plant grows based on the amount of soil used. Identify the independent and dependent variable
The Independent variable in this case would be the amount of soil used. The dependent variable would be the height of the plant.
Compare inductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive starts specific and gets general. Deductive starts general and gets specific. Deductive is mostly what we use in lab
How are atoms composed like the three things?
In an atom there are protons, neutrons, and elections. Protons are positive and are located in the nucleus. Neutrons are neutral and are located in the nucleus as well. Finally, the electrons are negatively charged and are located in the orbitals.
What is an isotope?
An isotope are atoms with the same element that have different atomic mass due to different number of neutrons.
What are the four elements to make up the human body and what percent of the human body weight do they make up?
The four elements are Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. They make up 96.3% of the human body weight.
What are Valance electrons, where can they be found and what are they available to do?
They are electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. They are found on the periodic table as the column number. They are available to react.
What is “Redox”
Redox stands for reduction and oxidation. Reduction means gaining an election. Oxidation means losing an election.
What do covalent and hydrogen bonds hold together?
Covalent bonds hold water to water. Hydrogen bonds hold water to hydrogen to water.
How is electronegativity described as?
It is described as an atoms love for elections
What do chemical reaction involve?
They involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.
What influences if a chemical reaction occurs or not?
Temperature. The more heat the faster it will happen. Concentration of reactants and products. Also, the availability of a catalyst (protein).
What are water bonds described as?
They are polar covalent
What is the moto for this unit?
Shape= function
What do all living organisms depend on?
They depend on water
what is cohesion and adhesion?
Cohesion is when water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding. Adhesion is when water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding.
What is the cause of capillary action and what is capillary action?
It is the movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid. The cause for it is the adhesive forces exerted by glass exceeding cohesive forces between water molecules.
The six properties of water are what?
- high specific heat 2. high heat of vaporization 3. solid water is less dense than liquid water 4. it is a good solvent 5. It organizes nonpolar molecules 6. it can form ions
What is a buffer?
It is a chemical that accepts and releases H^+1 as is necessary to keep the pH constant.
Describe isomers
Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula. Structure, geometric and enantiomer (like right and left hand) ( also called Chiral)
Compare Hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis is the breaking of bonds by adding water. Dehydration synthesis is formation of bonds by the production of water. It pulls water out.
Compare Anabolic and catabolic reactions
Anabolic is forming more complex molecules from simpler ones. Catabolic is breaking down complex molecules down to simpler ones.
What are the four organic macromolecules? Also explain them.
1 carbohydrates- Sugars, structural and NRG storage 2 lipids- fats and oils, cell membranes NRG storage 3 Proteins- coded for DNA, carry out most cellular function 4 Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA, code for proteins
What is Chitin?
It is sugar with some protein
What are triglycerides good for?
They are good for long term energy storage
What are liquid bilayers/micelles?
They are the basis for biological membranes. They are formed spontaneously from phospholipids.
What are phospholipids?
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
How many different amino acids are there?
There are 20 different amino acids
What is the only thing that is between amino acid bonds?
Peptides. They do not have a function
What are the two structures for a protein/AA and describe them.
Primary which is the sequence of AAs. Also, secondary which is the interaction of groups in the peptide backbone.
What are motifs?
They are common elements in the secondary structure seen in many polypeptides.
What are domains?
They are functional regions of polypeptides
What does denaturation do?
It changes the shape of a protein causing it to loose its function
What is DNA and RNA made up of?
It is made up of nucleotide.
What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is a double strand. RNA is a single strand. DNA purpose is to code for RNA. RNA purpose is to code for proteins.
Explain surface area to volume ratio?
as cell size increases volume increases 10x faster than surface area
What do all cell structures have in common?
Genetic material- in a nucleoid or nucleus Cytoplasm- a semifluid matrix Plasma membrane- a phospholipid bilayer
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic does not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.
What is chromatin?
It is a complex of proteins with DNA wrapped around it.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
It takes proteins and puts carbs on them. The carbs are like putting sugar on the proteins.
What do Lysosomes do?
They break down proteins
What do Peroxisomes do?
They make hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)
What are the vacuoles and the three types?
They are storage. The central is in plant cells and stores sugar and protein. The contractile are in some protists and store and eliminate waste. The storage are in many cells.
What are thylakoids?
They are membrane sacs within the inner membrane and are the surface area for photosynthesis.
What is the job of ribosomes?
They read mRNA and decide what AA will be put in. It is needed to make protein.
What is the Mitochondria used in?
It is used in cellular respiration.
What is the purpose of folding the inner membrane with layers? Also, what are those layers called?
It increases the surface area so there is more potential area to make ATP. The layers are called cristae.
Where is the matrix located?
Within the inner membrane
What is grana?
The stacks of thylakoids
What is the life of red blood cells?
90 to 180 days
What is the main function of the cytoskeleton?
To provide the cell with shape.
Name and describe the fibers included in the cytoskeleton.
Actin Filaments, they are responsible for cellular contractions, crawling and pinching or dividing. Microtubules, they provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell. Intermediate filaments, they provide structure and stability.
What are the two motors for the proton gradient?
Cilia and flagella
What is the “9+2” structure?
9 pairs of microtubules around 2 central microtubules.
What is the main function of the Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Provides structure and support for surrounding cells.
What is endosymbiosis simply?
One symbiotic organism lives inside another.
