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Biology 111 > Chapter 9 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

State the two things communication between cells require.

A
  1. Ligand 2. Receptor
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2
Q

What are the four basic mechanisms for cellular communication?

A
  1. Direct contact 2. Paracrine signaling 3. Endocrine signaling 4. Synaptic signaling.
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3
Q

Describe direct contact

A

It is where ligand molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptor molecules on an adjacent cell.

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4
Q

Describe paracrine signaling

A

It is where ligands are released from a secretory cell bind to the receptors on adjacent cells.

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5
Q

Describe endocrine signaling

A

It is where special ligands called hormones are released from the secretory cells and bind to the receptors on or within cells throughout the body.

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6
Q

Describe synaptic signaling

A

It is where nerve cells release the signal ligands (neurotransmitters) which binds to receptors on nearby nerve or muscle cells.

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7
Q

What are signal transduction?

A

It is the series of chemical reactions that occur following the binding of a ligand to a receptor.

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8
Q

How does a cell respond when a ligand binds to a receptor?

A

Chemically

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9
Q

What is kinase?

A

It is an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein therefore activating or turning it on.

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10
Q

What is phosphatase?

A

It is an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein therefore deactivating or turning it off.

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11
Q

What are the three AA that are frequent in phosphorylation?

A

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine.

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12
Q

How many AA do you need for phosphorylation?

A

One of the three.

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13
Q

Where are cell surface or membrane receptors located?

A

They are on the plasma membrane.

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14
Q

Where is the intercellular receptor located?

A

It is located inside the cell.

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15
Q

List the three classes of membrane receptors?

A
  1. Channel linked or gated receptors 2. Enzymatic receptors 3. G protein- coupled receptors
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16
Q

What is an enzyme receptor called?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

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17
Q

`What two things happen when a signal ligand binds the membrane bound receptor?

A

It is dimerized and authphosphorylated.

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18
Q

What happens after the membrane bound receptor is dimerized and authphosphorylated?

A

The activated receptor then adds a phosphate to tyrosine on a response protein.

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19
Q

What is an example of a receptor tyrosine kinase?

A

An epidermal growth factor receptor which stimulates skin cells to replicate.

20
Q

What is Kinase cascade?

A

It is a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession amplifying the signal, therefore a few signal ligand molecules can cause a large cell response.

21
Q

What is MAP kinases?

A

They stand for Mitogen-activated protein kinases.

22
Q

Where are MAP kinases typically?

A

They are typically in plant products.

23
Q

What is G-protein?

A

It is a protein bound to GTP.

24
Q

What is G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs)

A

Receptors bound to G proteins.

25
Q

G proteins is a what that can be turned on by a receptor?

A

A switch.

26
Q

Signal ligand binds receptor, then G protein activates a(n) what?

A

An effector protein usually an enzyme.

27
Q

Once activated what do effector proteins produce that then generates a cellular response?

A

A second messenger.

28
Q

What is a common effector protein which converts ATP to cAMP which then acts as a second messenger?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

29
Q

What are the other second messengers?

A

Inositol phosphates and calcium ions (Ca2+)

30
Q

What does it mean if one of the second messengers increase?

A

It means that the cell has been activated.

31
Q

What does Adenylyl cyclase at as after converting ATP to cMAP?

A

It serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins.

32
Q

What can steroid hormones do?

A

They can go across the membrane

33
Q

Where is calcium?

A

In the smooth ER.

34
Q

Steroid hormones are nonpolar so they can cross the plasma membranes and go to what?

A

Steroid receptor.

35
Q

What usually happens during the regulation of gene expression?

A

An inhibitor blocks the steroid receptor from binding to DNA until the hormone is present.

36
Q

What are the three functional domains of a steroid receptor?

A
  1. Hormone-binding domain 2. DNA binding domain 3. Domain that interacts with coactivator to affect gene expression (activating or deactivating transcription)
37
Q

What does the steroid receptor signaling do?

A

It regulates gene expression.

38
Q

What are autoinducers?

A

They are small molecules produced by bacteria that regulates gene expression.

39
Q

What is Ligand?

A

It is a signaling molecule from the cell.

40
Q

What is a receptor?

A

It is a protein which the ligand binds to.

41
Q

What do pores do regarding direct contact?

A

They can open and close.

42
Q

Describe channel linked or gated receptors

A

The ion channel opens in response to ligand binding.

43
Q

Describe enzymatic receptors

A

The receptor is an enzyme that is activated by ligand binding.

44
Q

Describe G protein- coupled receptors

A

A G-protein ( protein bound to GTP) assist in transmitting signal.

45
Q

What are MAP kinases activated by?

A

They are activated by kinase cascades.

46
Q

Where is a receptor located?

A

It may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell.

47
Q

What happens when the shape of the receptor changes?

A

The function changes, and they become active.

Biology 111 (12 decks)

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