Unit 4 Cognition and Memory

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

Thinking: the mental activities of acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge.

Question 2

meta cognition

Answer 2

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought process

Question 3

Divergent thinking

Answer 3

Using creativity to consider many options

Question 4

Convergent thinking

Answer 4

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best answer

Question 5

concepts

Answer 5

Helps us order our world into categories and communicate with fewer words

Question 6

how concepts form

Answer 6

through experiences over time

Question 7

Schemas

Answer 7

Framework that helps us organize concepts/prototypes

Question 8

Prototypes

Answer 8

Mental image that is the best example of a concept
ie. dog: huskey

Question 9

Algorithm

Answer 9

Step by step method that guarantees a solution
Logical and procedural but time consuming and labor intensive
I.e following a recipe

Question 10

Heuristics

Answer 10

Mental shortcuts that allow us to make judgements and solve problems quickly
Quicker but prone to error

Question 11

How do we form judgments?

Answer 11

perceiving objects, people, or events and coming to a conclusion about whether they are good or bad or likely to occur based on prior experience and knowledge

Question 12

Representative heuristics

Answer 12

Make a decision based upon how much smth represents the characteristics or prototypes from your schema

Question 13

Availability heuristics:

Answer 13

Make decisions based on how available the information is
The faster you remember an instance of some event, the more you expect it to occur

Question 14

Mental set:

Answer 14

A tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past

Question 15

Priming

Answer 15

When a stimulus impacts how you will respond to different stimuli by making associations
I.e red, yellow, blue, gre____

Question 16

Bias

Answer 16

Distorment of judgment

Question 17

Confirmation bias:

Answer 17

While you make a decision, you actively look for info that confirms your ideas

Question 18

functional fixedness

Answer 18

Tendency to see objects as working in only one way
Ie. a brick is only used for building

Question 19

explicit memory

Answer 19

information you have to make an effort to remember

Question 20

semantic memories

Answer 20

general knowledge

Question 21

episodic memories

Answer 21

personal memories of specific evetns

Question 22

implicit memories

Answer 22

unitenntional memories we may not realize we have

Question 23

proceduarl memories

Answer 23

meories of skills/actions and how to perform them

Question 24

working memory

Answer 24

the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks
related to short-term memory, but it lasts slightly longer and is involved in the manipulation of information
Ex. Keeping a person’s address in mind while being given directions.

Question 25

long term memory

Answer 25

Relatively permanent and limitless storage of information

Question 26

short term memory

Answer 26

recall of material immediately after it is presented or during uninterrupted rehearsal of the material; it is thought to be limited in its capacity and, in the absence of rehearsal, undergoes rapid decay, probably lasting less than 30 s.

Question 27

sensory memory

Answer 27

recollection of perceptual types of how a stimulus looks, feels, sounds, etc

Question 28

iconic memory

Answer 28

the incredibly brief storage of a visual stimulus, after the stimulus has been removed
Ie when you see a car passing by on the highway, and for a brief moment you can picture the car after it is gone

Question 29

echoic memory

Answer 29

the brief sensory memory of audible sounds
I.e The ringing in the ears after exposure to a loud bang

Question 30

Automatic processing

Answer 30

Processing of information that occurs involuntary and without conscious initiation
Produces implicit memories

Question 31

effortful processing

Answer 31

Processing information through conscious attention and effort
Creates explicit memories

Question 32

Mnemonic devices

Answer 32

Memory tool for the repacking of information, making associations

Question 33

Chunking

Answer 33

Dividing information into smaller parts
I.e 4808282182 -> 480-828-2182

Question 34

serial position effect:

Answer 34

Tendency to recall the 1st and last items on a list

Question 35

Amnesia

Answer 35

A partial or total loss of memory

Question 36

retrograde amnesia

Answer 36

a form of memory loss that causes an inability to remember events from the past

Question 37

Recognition

Answer 37

Ability to identify previously information
I.e mcq tests

Question 37

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 37

A type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories
I.e not being able to remember the last meal you ate

Question 37

Recall

Answer 37

The ability to retrieve information
I.e fill in the blank test

Question 38

Relearning:

Answer 38

Relearning previously learned information to commit to memory retrieval
Ie. learning something in high school that needs to be relearned in college.

Question 39

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon:

Answer 39

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning

Question 40

Retroactive interference:

Answer 40

an individual is unable to recall old information because new information prevents its retrieval
I.e a musician might learn a new piece, only to find that the new song makes it more difficult to recall an older, previously learned piece

Question 41

Proactive interference:

Answer 41

old information or knowledge interferes with the learning of new information
I.e a difficulty in remembering a friend’s new phone number after having previously learned the old number.

Question 42

Misinformation Effect:

Answer 42

the tendency for the information you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory of what happened
I.e if the participants hear that there was a broken headlight, they will incorporate that in their memory rather than being asked if they saw a broken headlight

Question 43

Source Amnesia:

Answer 43

the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge

Question 44

E. Mandela effect:

Answer 44

a group of people collectively misremember facts, events, or other details in a consistent manner

Question 45

magic number of 7

Answer 45

the number of objects an average human can hold in short-term memory is 7 ± 2

Question 46

flashbulb memory

Answer 46

a vivid, enduring memory for how one learned about a surprising, shocking event
Ex. knowing where you were during 9/11

Question 47

encoding failure

Answer 47

breakdown in the process of getting information into the cognitive system.

Question 48

retrieval failure

Answer 48

a type of forgetting that occurs when encoded information can not be accessed when needed

Question 49

storage decay

Answer 49

a theory that states that memory fades due to the passage of time.

Question 50

rosy retrospection

Answer 50

tendency to recall past events more fondly than the present.

Question 51

prospective memory

Answer 51

Form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.

Question 52

imagination inflation

Answer 52

People are more likely to falsely remember that an item has been seen or an action has been performed when it has only been imagined

Question 53

event schema

Answer 53

let us know what to do in certain situations
es: fire drill

Question 54

insight

Answer 54

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

Question 55

fixation

Answer 55

inability ti see a problem from a fresh perspective

Question 56

framing

Answer 56

people decide b/w opetions based on whehther the options are presented with positive or negative connotaiton

Question 57

overconfidence

Answer 57

one’s confidence in tehir judgements is reliably greater than the accuracty of their judgements

Question 58

belief perserverance

Answer 58

maintiang a belief despite new information to contradict it

Question 59

Gamblers fallacy

Answer 59

Believing that a random event is more or less likely to happen based on thr outcome of a previous event or series kf events

Question 60

Memory

Answer 60

Persistence of learning over time via storage ans retrieval

Question 61

Encoding

Answer 61

Peocess of putting information into the memory system

Question 62

Storage

Answer 62

Retain the encoded info over tjme

Question 63

Retrieval

Answer 63

Process of getting info out kf memory

Question 64

Interference

Answer 64

When memories interfere with other memories