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AP Psychology > Unit 3 Sensory and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 3 Sensory and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

detection of external stimuli via the 5 sense and the transmission of this information to the brain

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2
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense

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3
Q

transduction

A

conversion of sensory input into electrical impulses the brain can use to process info

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4
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

starts with stimulus and senses that are analyzed through the brain

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5
Q

Top-Down processing-

A

using knowledge, experience, or context to understand and interpret sensory information

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6
Q

Absolute threshold-

A

the weakest amount of a stimulus a person can detect 50% of the time

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum amount something needs to change before a person notices the change at least 50% of the time

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8
Q

weber’s law

A

two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different
percetanges are the same for evryone

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicting what to detect based on context

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10
Q

wavelength

A

the distance from wave peak to peak
determines color

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11
Q

amplitude

A

waves height
determines brightness/intensity

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12
Q

Pupil

A

controls the amount of light that enters the eye
allows light to pass through eye

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13
Q

Lens

A

focus light onto the retina of the eye allowing us to see in sharp detail

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14
Q

retina

A

converts light and sends signals to brain to form images

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15
Q

cornea

A

outer layer of eye that protexts wye from outside infilltrates and UV radiation
where light enters the eye

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16
Q

Iris

A

regulates the amount of light; adjusts pupil size

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17
Q

optic nerve

A

transmits info from retina to brain

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18
Q

blind spot

A

place where optic nerve leaves eye in order to send info to brain

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19
Q

cones

A

receptors in the retina that detect color and fine details
clustered in fovea

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20
Q

fovea

A

The depression in the very center of the macula where eyesight is sharpest.

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21
Q

Rods

A

receptors in the retina that enable black and white and peripheral vision

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22
Q

bipolar cells

A

connect rods and cones to gaglian cells

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23
Q

ganglian cells

A

axons make up optic nerve shich carries neural impules to the brain

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24
Q

trichromatic theory

A

explains that thre are 3 types of cones in the retina (red, blue, abd greeb)
when stimulted in combonaion, can produce any color

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25
Q

opponent processing theory

A

neurones work in pairs to help process color vision signals
red-green, blue-yellow, black-white
brains create after images (eyes send momentary images/illusions to brain after an image has disappeared)

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26
Q

color blindess

A

the inability to see colors in anormal way
impaired functioning of the cones

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27
Q

frequency

A

sound waves that can be measured by the lenght og the wave

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28
Q

pitch

A

descption of frequency

29
Q

hearing

A

tiny hairs inside ear “feel” the sound and vibrate
die over time and cant regenerate

30
Q

outer ear

A

gather sounds and funnel into ear canal
wax is made as protection to the inner ear

31
Q

middle ear

A

air filled cavirty
turns sound waves into vibrations from ossicles (tiny bones) and deliveers to inner ear
separated from outer ear by drum

32
Q

inner ear

A

vibrations turn into nerve signal sent to brain to help identify sounds

33
Q

semicircular canals

A

halps with balance
filled with fluid and tine hairs
when head moves, fluid floshes, moving the hairs and sending messagee to the brain

34
Q

Vestibular sense

A

allows us to maintain balance

35
Q

Selective attention

A

tendency to focus on a particular stimulus among the many that are being received

36
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

being able to ignore unthreatening/unchanging stimuli to focus on changing stimuli

37
Q

divided attetntion

A

processing 2 stimuli and giving some attention to each

38
Q

Cocktail Party effect

A

focus attention on one particular stimuli amidst the crazy loudness of others

39
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failing to notice visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

40
Q

Change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the visual environment

41
Q

Subliminal message

A

message meant to be sent to slip past your mental radar and embed itself into the subconscious

42
Q

gustation

A

taste
involves sensory interaction
in order to taste, you must be able to smell it
tongue has 200 taste buds wach w/ 50-100 receptors

43
Q

taste sensations

A

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami

44
Q

Sensory interaction

A

one sense affecting another

45
Q

Super taster

A

someone who has more taste receptors than normal

46
Q

olfaction

A

smell
bypasses thalamus and processed in limbic system
olfactory receptors instantly alert the brain of smells through the olfactory bulb

47
Q

touch

A

skin has receptors the specialize in pressure, cold pain, and warmth
colsely associated with emotion

48
Q

gestalt

A

german word that means the whole
objects will be percieved in the simplest form

49
Q

proximity

A

objects near each other tend to be seen as groups

50
Q

Similarity

A

objects that are similar are grouped together by the brain

51
Q

continuity

A

lines are seen as following the smoothest path

52
Q

closure

A

grouping where we fill in the gaps to create complete whole parts

53
Q

Figure ground

A

to instinctively put objects in the foreground or background

54
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that require the use of 2 eyes

55
Q

retinal disparity

A

differnce in teh location of an object’s image on each retina to peceive depth or distance

56
Q

convergence

A

inward movement of both eyes when focusing on nearby objects to determine how far away an object is
i.e. finger to nose

57
Q

relative shape/ shape constancy

A

shapes perceived as constant when various angles, positions and orientations

58
Q

size constancy

A

object appears to have a constant size when viewed from various distances

59
Q

constancies

A

perceiving objects as unchanging despite stimuli changes

60
Q

movement

A

process through which humans and other animals oreient themselves to their own or others movements

61
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

optical illusion that causes one to see several still images in a series as moving

62
Q

monocular cues

A

cues that allow use to see depth through one eye

63
Q

Interposition

A

placement of something between other things that structure your view of one object making it appear farther away

64
Q

Linear perspective

A

perceiving 2 parallel lines to meet at a distance

65
Q

Relative size

A

allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size

66
Q

relative clarity

A

objects that appear sharp, clean and detalied are seen as closer than hazy objects

67
Q

texture gradient

A

the progressively finer appearance of textures and surface grains as the viewer moves away from them

68
Q

Visual cliff

A

research method used to study depth perception in infants and animals

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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