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AP Psychology > Unit 3 Sensory and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 3 Sensory and Perception Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Sensation

A

detection of external stimuli via the 5 sense and the transmission of this information to the brain

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2
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense

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3
Q

transduction

A

conversion of sensory input into electrical impulses the brain can use to process info

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4
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

starts with stimulus and senses that are analyzed through the brain

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5
Q

Top-Down processing-

A

using knowledge, experience, or context to understand and interpret sensory information

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6
Q

Absolute threshold-

A

the weakest amount of a stimulus a person can detect 50% of the time

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum amount something needs to change before a person notices the change at least 50% of the time

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8
Q

weber’s law

A

two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different
percetanges are the same for evryone

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicting what to detect based on context

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10
Q

wavelength

A

the distance from wave peak to peak
determines color

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11
Q

amplitude

A

waves height
determines brightness/intensity

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12
Q

Pupil

A

controls the amount of light that enters the eye
allows light to pass through eye

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13
Q

Lens

A

focus light onto the retina of the eye allowing us to see in sharp detail

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14
Q

retina

A

converts light and sends signals to brain to form images

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15
Q

cornea

A

outer layer of eye that protexts wye from outside infilltrates and UV radiation
where light enters the eye

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16
Q

Iris

A

regulates the amount of light; adjusts pupil size

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17
Q

optic nerve

A

transmits info from retina to brain

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18
Q

blind spot

A

place where optic nerve leaves eye in order to send info to brain

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19
Q

cones

A

receptors in the retina that detect color and fine details
clustered in fovea

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20
Q

fovea

A

The depression in the very center of the macula where eyesight is sharpest.

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21
Q

Rods

A

receptors in the retina that enable black and white and peripheral vision

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22
Q

bipolar cells

A

connect rods and cones to gaglian cells

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23
Q

ganglian cells

A

axons make up optic nerve shich carries neural impules to the brain

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24
Q

trichromatic theory

A

explains that thre are 3 types of cones in the retina (red, blue, abd greeb)
when stimulted in combonaion, can produce any color

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25
opponent processing theory
neurones work in pairs to help process color vision signals red-green, blue-yellow, black-white brains create after images (eyes send momentary images/illusions to brain after an image has disappeared)
26
color blindess
the inability to see colors in anormal way impaired functioning of the cones
27
frequency
sound waves that can be measured by the lenght og the wave
28
pitch
descption of frequency
29
hearing
tiny hairs inside ear "feel" the sound and vibrate die over time and cant regenerate
30
outer ear
gather sounds and funnel into ear canal wax is made as protection to the inner ear
31
middle ear
air filled cavirty turns sound waves into vibrations from ossicles (tiny bones) and deliveers to inner ear separated from outer ear by drum
32
inner ear
vibrations turn into nerve signal sent to brain to help identify sounds
33
semicircular canals
halps with balance filled with fluid and tine hairs when head moves, fluid floshes, moving the hairs and sending messagee to the brain
34
Vestibular sense
allows us to maintain balance
35
Selective attention
tendency to focus on a particular stimulus among the many that are being received
36
Sensory adaptation
being able to ignore unthreatening/unchanging stimuli to focus on changing stimuli
37
divided attetntion
processing 2 stimuli and giving some attention to each
38
Cocktail Party effect
focus attention on one particular stimuli amidst the crazy loudness of others
39
Inattentional blindness
failing to notice visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
40
Change blindness
failing to notice changes in the visual environment
41
Subliminal message
message meant to be sent to slip past your mental radar and embed itself into the subconscious
42
gustation
taste involves sensory interaction in order to taste, you must be able to smell it tongue has 200 taste buds wach w/ 50-100 receptors
43
taste sensations
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami
44
Sensory interaction
one sense affecting another
45
Super taster
someone who has more taste receptors than normal
46
olfaction
smell bypasses thalamus and processed in limbic system olfactory receptors instantly alert the brain of smells through the olfactory bulb
47
touch
skin has receptors the specialize in pressure, cold pain, and warmth colsely associated with emotion
48
gestalt
german word that means the whole objects will be percieved in the simplest form
49
proximity
objects near each other tend to be seen as groups
50
Similarity
objects that are similar are grouped together by the brain
51
continuity
lines are seen as following the smoothest path
52
closure
grouping where we fill in the gaps to create complete whole parts
53
Figure ground
to instinctively put objects in the foreground or background
54
binocular cues
depth cues that require the use of 2 eyes
55
retinal disparity
differnce in teh location of an object's image on each retina to peceive depth or distance
56
convergence
inward movement of both eyes when focusing on nearby objects to determine how far away an object is i.e. finger to nose
57
relative shape/ shape constancy
shapes perceived as constant when various angles, positions and orientations
58
size constancy
object appears to have a constant size when viewed from various distances
59
constancies
perceiving objects as unchanging despite stimuli changes
60
movement
process through which humans and other animals oreient themselves to their own or others movements
61
Phi phenomenon
optical illusion that causes one to see several still images in a series as moving
62
monocular cues
cues that allow use to see depth through one eye
63
Interposition
placement of something between other things that structure your view of one object making it appear farther away
64
Linear perspective
perceiving 2 parallel lines to meet at a distance
65
Relative size
allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size
66
relative clarity
objects that appear sharp, clean and detalied are seen as closer than hazy objects
67
texture gradient
the progressively finer appearance of textures and surface grains as the viewer moves away from them
68
Visual cliff
research method used to study depth perception in infants and animals

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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