Unit 1 Part 1 Flashcards
nature
genetics determien behavior
nututre
enviro, upbringing and ezperiences determine behavvior
nature v nuture studies
identical twins
pass down adaptations
natural selections
survival of the fittest
those who aret eh most adapted to their enviro survive and reproduce
encouraged eugenics
identical/monozygotic twins
develop from 1 egg that slips
same genes
faterbak/dizygotic twins
differnet eggs
differetn genes
epigenetics
study of environments on genes
neurosystem
the bodys speedy, electro-chemicla communication
cental nervous system
controls entire body and mind
brain adn spinal cord
all messages to nd from btain through spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
network of nerves that connects the CNS to other parts of the body
contains sensory and motor neuronsq
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement of the bodys skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
controls glands and internal organs
hearbeat, digestion, release of hormones
sympathetic
fight or flight
prepares body for crisis
increased heart rate, blood [ressures and breathing
parasympathetic
rest adn digest
returns body to normal after crisis
calms you down and return to homeostasis
lower heart rate, bp, slow breathing
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers in the brain that travels acros the synappse from 1 neuron to the nexg
synapse
meeting point between neurons
acetylcholine
involved in memory formation adn learning
disruption of ACh suppply to the brains memory centers can cause difficulting forming new memorites or learning new facts
defecit of acetycholine
alzheimers
paralysis or limited mobility
surplus of acetylcholine
violent muscles contractions and spasms
serotonin
regulates mood
involved in sleep/wake cycle
regulates appetite
serotonin deficit
depression
anxiety
OCD
dopamine
reward and motivation, pleasure
deficit in dopamine
parkinson’s
surplus of dopamine
schizophrenia
norepinephrine
arousal
fight or flight
incerases alertness, bp, and heart rate
endorphins
regulates pain perception
released during exercise
lineked to positiev emotions
glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter
encourages neurons fire
gaba
inhibitory neurotransmitter
slows things down
reduces a neurons likelihood of firing an action potential
neuron
nerve cell
3 basic functions: receive, carry, and pass to the next neuron
neural networks
thousand of neurons connect with each other
dendrites
branches
recieve and integrate messages from other cells
biological basis for learning
soma
cell body that maintains the health o fthe neuron
axon
neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neruons or to muscles or glands
conducts action potential
myelin sheath
fatty tissue that surrounds and protects the axon and speds up electrical impuleses
glial cells
form mylin sheath and provide support, nutritional bemefits, and protection for neurons
axon terminaks
at the tup of the axon
stores NTs that release and attatch tp other neurons to send mesages
form junctions with other cells
multiple sclerosis
disase that disrputs the flow of info in teh brain and form the brian to the body
results in loss of muscles control
caused by degeneration of the myelin sheath
spinal cord
tube of neres that connects the brain to the rest of the body
all messages to anf from the brain run through the spinal cord
sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming infro from the sensoty receptors in teh body t o the spinal conrd and brain for processing
recieve stimuli from sensory organs
afferent neurons
sensory neurons
eferent neurons
motor neurons
motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoin info from the grain and sponal cord to the muscles and glands
control uscle movements and allow for voluntary and involuntary movements
located in the brain and spinal cord
interneyrons
neurons that acct as the middle man b.w other neurons
connect sensory and motor neurons
mirror neurons
neuron tha fires when someone perfors a movement and when someone observes the same moemebt performed by somene else
micing
action potential
firing of a nueron
step 1) resting potential
step 2) thresholf
step 3) depolization
step 4) action potential
step 5) refractory period
resting potential
imbalance of electrical charge that exists b/w the inside and outside of hte neuron when it isnt being used
polarized
capable of generating an action potential
ion channels
gates in the axon that allow ions to flow in and out of the cell and change teh charge of the cell
closed during testing potential
threshold
a minimum charge must be reached insdide the axon before the neuron can fire an action potential
depolarization
when the indide of the cell becomes more positively charged
the energy is abt to produce an action potenti
step 4 action potential
brief elecrical impulse that travels down the axon
all or noting priciple
the action potential either ffires or it doesnt
all or nothign
refractory period
recovery period after an action potetiak
neuron rechanges
agonist
a substance that activates the receptors for certain NTs and mimics or strengthens the effect of that NT
ex: oxycodone, meth, cocain, morphone mimic endorphins
antagonist
a substance that attaches to the receptors for certain NTs and blocks s them from having an effect
ex: haloperidol blocks dopaine to treat schizophrenia
addictio
uncontrolale craving of a substance, ting of activity
rooted in the brain
dependence
occurs when your body becomes sed to the effects of a drug/activit abd goes into withdrawal
addiction causes
genetics
environment
mental health
withdrawal
painful symptoms when someone suddenltu stops using whatever substance r behavior they were addicted to
tolerance
diminished psychoactive effects after repeated use of a substance or activity requiring larger doses to create desired effets
psychoactive drugs
chemcials that change perception moods and behviors
stimulants
depressents
hallycinogens
depressants
drugs that calm neural activity and slows body
alcohol, sleep aids, opiates, marijuana
alcohol
reduces REM
memory disruption
barbituates
sleep aids
induce sleep or reduce anziety
valium, xanax
opiates
narcotics
morphine, heroin, codeine, fentanyl
promote endorphins
deadly
stimulants
temporarilt excite and arouse body functions
caffeoe, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, meth, ecstasy, weed
hallucinogens
substances that change a persons percpetion of realotu
LSD, PCP, THC-weed, peuote cactus, shrooms
marijuana
mostly a stimulnt and depresent but sometimes a hallucingenetic
