Unit 4: Chapter 27 Flashcards
Symbiosis
Stable association of two or more organisms which can be beneficial, neutral, or negative
Mutualism
Both partners benefit and is obligatory relationship
Cooperation
Both partners bennefit but nonobligatory relationship
Antagonism
One organism benefits while other organisms is harmed
Commensalism
One organism benefits and other organism is not effected
Syntrophy
type of mutualism when one species benefits from metabolic products of another
Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer
- Example of syntrophy
- Methanogenic archaea consume H2 for low concentration produced by fermentative bacterium
- Fermentative bacterium benefits from the removal of H2 by allowing fermentation to continue
Buchnea amphidicola and Aphid Interaction
- Microorganism insect mutualism
- Aphid contains bacteria (endosymbiont) within bacteriocytes
- Aphid consume plant sap from vitamins and amino acids and bacteria microbes secure habitat
Termite Associated Protists
Mutualism
Termite need to make cellulolytic enzymes nad need for protists to complete ligonocellulose degradation for their digestion
Protists beenfit from termite eating cellulose and get nitrogen source
Trichonympha and Elusimicrobium are example of what
Protists associated with Termite relationship
Coral holobiont
- Mutualism
- Hermatypic corlas get energy (fixed carbon) using photosynthetic flagellates (symbodium)
- Coral protects the protist dinoflagellates from coral hosts, UV light, nitrogenosun compounds and phsophate
Coral Bleaching
Loss of photosynthetic pigments from dinoflagellates due to temperature increasse
Tube Worm Holobiont
- Mutualism
- Tube Worm (Ritifia) rely on bacteria to provide organic carbon
- Bacteira get convient delivery of carbon source and use sulfide as electron donor and acceptor
Rumen System
Mutualism
Micorbes help in digestion and metabolsim with enzymes
Microbes in return have host and source of food
Bacterium and worm host
Cooperation
Bacterium contribute’s to worm’s reproductive sucess
Cycle of bacterium and worm host
Cooperation
Bacterium lives inside worm –> worm feeds on insect –> bacterium attachs to insect and release bacteria antimicrobial compounds to kill insect –> worm produces another antimicrobial compoundto prevent other microorganisms from consuming insect –> worms use insect as nutrient source for help in reproduction
Fungal Highway
- network of hyphae to promote bacterial dispersal
- hypahe spread on solid surfaces and grow towards nutrients since fungi are nonmotile
- Bacteria move along hyphal surface to explore new environments
Lichens
Cooperation or symbiosis
Association between fungi (ascomycetes) and green algae
Refer to mycobiont and photobiont
Bioindicators of air quality since sensitive
Mycobiont
Lichens
Fungal partner that provides water, minerals, and firm substratum for growth
Photobiont
Lichens
Green algae or cyanobacteria partner
Provides oxygen, secreting fixed carbon, and nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria
Predation
Antagonism
action of killing
Benefit after victim is killed by obtaining biochemical precursors and energy
Paratism
Antagonism
Explotation
Benefit while victim is alive
Microbes must harm the host and parasite and host coexist
Can involve nutrient acqustion and/ or physical maintenance
Host must coexist at least temporarily
Coexist if equilibrium
Competition
Antagonism
Uneasy truce between microbes
Arise when different organisms within a community try to acquire the same resource
How do Microbes overcome viruses
Restriction Modification and CRISPR/Cas System
_______ are critical antagonists of all organsisms
Viruses
Restriction modificiation
Chemically distinguish viral and host DNA and hydrolyze viral DNA
Through immunity
Grazing
Process by which protozoans consume bacteria
Primary mechanism to transfer carbon and energy from bacteria to more complex organisms
CRISPR/ Cas System
Bacteria integrate portions of viral genome into their own so have molecular snapshot of their attacker to prevent for future encounters
Adaptive
Bacteria defensive mechanisms to avoid consumption by protozoans
- Grow larger since growing protozoans generally choose midsize bacteria
- Form biofilm which are multilayer of micorbial community and not free living for harder to consume
Epibiotic predators
Attach to prey’s surface and lyse to release prey’s cytoplasmic contents
Vampire Cocus
Epibiotic predators
Attach to prey and produce digestive enzymes which lyse cell and release cytoplasmic contents
Endosymbiotic predators
Invade victim’s cytoplasm where they consume the contents to get energy
Type IV secretion
Endosymbiotic predators by injecting toxin into cell
Myxococcus Xanthus
Faculative predator
COnsumes organic matter released from dead organisms
Use gliding motility to creep towards prey while releasing degrative enzymes done by its own power to move
- Gliding ability allows for consumption of larger bacteria like E. Coli
In parasitism, if equlibrium is toward pathogen:
Host will die
In parasitism, if equlibrium is toward host:
Host will live
In parasitism, if equlibrium is at 0:
Host and parasite will coexist
Genome reduction
Common in symbiotic relationships
Discard unused genetic information
Occurs when symbiont has become dependent on host for specific functions
2 Possible outcomes for competiton
- Contract independent growth inhibition: antibiotics
- Contract dependent growht inhibition: physical proximity required for toxin delivery
Contract independent growth inhibition
Antibiotics
Contract dependent growht inhibition
Physical proximity required for toxin delivery
What is the world’s deadliest animal?
Mosquitoes
Wolbachia
Most infectious microbe
Lives in host cytoplasm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility with embryonic development wil be abnormal if only male is infected
Infection interferes with virla replication
Viruses not tranmissable if insect is infected with Wolbachia
