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Microbio > Unit 4: Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Stable association of two or more organisms which can be beneficial, neutral, or negative

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

Both partners benefit and is obligatory relationship

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3
Q

Cooperation

A

Both partners bennefit but nonobligatory relationship

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4
Q

Antagonism

A

One organism benefits while other organisms is harmed

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5
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and other organism is not effected

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6
Q

Syntrophy

A

type of mutualism when one species benefits from metabolic products of another

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7
Q

Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer

A
  • Example of syntrophy
  • Methanogenic archaea consume H2 for low concentration produced by fermentative bacterium
  • Fermentative bacterium benefits from the removal of H2 by allowing fermentation to continue
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8
Q

Buchnea amphidicola and Aphid Interaction

A
  • Microorganism insect mutualism
  • Aphid contains bacteria (endosymbiont) within bacteriocytes
  • Aphid consume plant sap from vitamins and amino acids and bacteria microbes secure habitat
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9
Q

Termite Associated Protists

A

Mutualism
Termite need to make cellulolytic enzymes nad need for protists to complete ligonocellulose degradation for their digestion
Protists beenfit from termite eating cellulose and get nitrogen source

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10
Q

Trichonympha and Elusimicrobium are example of what

A

Protists associated with Termite relationship

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11
Q

Coral holobiont

A
  • Mutualism
  • Hermatypic corlas get energy (fixed carbon) using photosynthetic flagellates (symbodium)
  • Coral protects the protist dinoflagellates from coral hosts, UV light, nitrogenosun compounds and phsophate
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12
Q

Coral Bleaching

A

Loss of photosynthetic pigments from dinoflagellates due to temperature increasse

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13
Q

Tube Worm Holobiont

A
  • Mutualism
  • Tube Worm (Ritifia) rely on bacteria to provide organic carbon
  • Bacteira get convient delivery of carbon source and use sulfide as electron donor and acceptor
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14
Q

Rumen System

A

Mutualism
Micorbes help in digestion and metabolsim with enzymes
Microbes in return have host and source of food

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15
Q

Bacterium and worm host

A

Cooperation
Bacterium contribute’s to worm’s reproductive sucess

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16
Q

Cycle of bacterium and worm host

A

Cooperation
Bacterium lives inside worm –> worm feeds on insect –> bacterium attachs to insect and release bacteria antimicrobial compounds to kill insect –> worm produces another antimicrobial compoundto prevent other microorganisms from consuming insect –> worms use insect as nutrient source for help in reproduction

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17
Q

Fungal Highway

A
  • network of hyphae to promote bacterial dispersal
  • hypahe spread on solid surfaces and grow towards nutrients since fungi are nonmotile
  • Bacteria move along hyphal surface to explore new environments
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18
Q

Lichens

A

Cooperation or symbiosis
Association between fungi (ascomycetes) and green algae
Refer to mycobiont and photobiont
Bioindicators of air quality since sensitive

19
Q

Mycobiont

A

Lichens
Fungal partner that provides water, minerals, and firm substratum for growth

20
Q

Photobiont

A

Lichens
Green algae or cyanobacteria partner
Provides oxygen, secreting fixed carbon, and nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria

21
Q

Predation

A

Antagonism
action of killing
Benefit after victim is killed by obtaining biochemical precursors and energy

22
Q

Paratism

A

Antagonism
Explotation
Benefit while victim is alive
Microbes must harm the host and parasite and host coexist
Can involve nutrient acqustion and/ or physical maintenance
Host must coexist at least temporarily
Coexist if equilibrium

23
Q

Competition

A

Antagonism
Uneasy truce between microbes
Arise when different organisms within a community try to acquire the same resource

24
Q

How do Microbes overcome viruses

A

Restriction Modification and CRISPR/Cas System

25
Q

_______ are critical antagonists of all organsisms

A

Viruses

26
Q

Restriction modificiation

A

Chemically distinguish viral and host DNA and hydrolyze viral DNA
Through immunity

27
Q

Grazing

A

Process by which protozoans consume bacteria
Primary mechanism to transfer carbon and energy from bacteria to more complex organisms

27
Q

CRISPR/ Cas System

A

Bacteria integrate portions of viral genome into their own so have molecular snapshot of their attacker to prevent for future encounters
Adaptive

28
Q

Bacteria defensive mechanisms to avoid consumption by protozoans

A
  1. Grow larger since growing protozoans generally choose midsize bacteria
  2. Form biofilm which are multilayer of micorbial community and not free living for harder to consume
29
Q

Epibiotic predators

A

Attach to prey’s surface and lyse to release prey’s cytoplasmic contents

30
Q

Vampire Cocus

A

Epibiotic predators
Attach to prey and produce digestive enzymes which lyse cell and release cytoplasmic contents

31
Q

Endosymbiotic predators

A

Invade victim’s cytoplasm where they consume the contents to get energy

32
Q

Type IV secretion

A

Endosymbiotic predators by injecting toxin into cell

33
Q

Myxococcus Xanthus

A

Faculative predator
COnsumes organic matter released from dead organisms
Use gliding motility to creep towards prey while releasing degrative enzymes done by its own power to move
- Gliding ability allows for consumption of larger bacteria like E. Coli

34
Q

In parasitism, if equlibrium is toward pathogen:

A

Host will die

35
Q

In parasitism, if equlibrium is toward host:

A

Host will live

36
Q

In parasitism, if equlibrium is at 0:

A

Host and parasite will coexist

37
Q

Genome reduction

A

Common in symbiotic relationships
Discard unused genetic information
Occurs when symbiont has become dependent on host for specific functions

38
Q

2 Possible outcomes for competiton

A
  1. Contract independent growth inhibition: antibiotics
  2. Contract dependent growht inhibition: physical proximity required for toxin delivery
39
Q

Contract independent growth inhibition

A

Antibiotics

40
Q

Contract dependent growht inhibition

A

Physical proximity required for toxin delivery

41
Q

What is the world’s deadliest animal?

A

Mosquitoes

42
Q

Wolbachia

A

Most infectious microbe
Lives in host cytoplasm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility with embryonic development wil be abnormal if only male is infected
Infection interferes with virla replication
Viruses not tranmissable if insect is infected with Wolbachia

Microbio (18 decks)

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