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Biology > Unit 4 Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Unit 4 Cellular respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what two processes work together to provide energy to all living organisms

A
  • photosynthesis
    -cellular respiration
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2
Q

what is the chemical formula of Photosynthesis

A

Sunlight + CO2+H2O = Sugar+O2

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3
Q

where does photosynthesis happen

A

chloroplasts in plants
some prokaryotes

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4
Q

what is the chemical formula for cellular respiration

A

Sugar + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP

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5
Q

where does cellular respiration happen

A

Mitochondria in all eukaryotes
many prokaryotes

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6
Q

what is the difference between respiration and cellular respiration

A

respiration: exchange of gases
-gaining O2 from environment and releasing CO2

cellular respiration: aerobic harvesting of energy from organic molecules
-using food to get energy

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7
Q

define Aerobic

A

requiring oxygen

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8
Q

Define a Exergonic reaction

A

reaction that produces or releases energy

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9
Q

what are life sustaining activities

A

heart, lung, brain activities

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10
Q

what percentage of your energy does the brain use

A

20% of your daily energy

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11
Q

what are voluntary activities

A

what you choose to do

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12
Q

what percentage of energy do life sustaining activities take

A

75% of your energy

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13
Q

what percentage of energy do voluntary activities take

A

25% of your energy

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14
Q

define Kcal (C)

A

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

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15
Q

how many calories do life sustaining activities take

A

1300-1800 calories per day

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16
Q

Define a Redox Reactions

A

transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

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17
Q

Define Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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18
Q

Define a reduction

A

the gain of electrons

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19
Q

what kind of reaction is cellular respiration

A

redox reaction

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20
Q

Define Dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that oxidizes the organic fuel molecule

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21
Q

what are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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22
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytosol beside the mitochondria

23
Q

what does glycolysis do

A

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
while producing a small amount of ATP

24
Q

Define Substrate level phosphorylation

A

the process of producing ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

25
Q

What is the process of substrate level phosphorylation

A

a phosphate group is transferred from the substrate to the ADP to form a ATP

26
Q

what are intermediates

A

the compound produced between the starting reactants and the final product

27
Q

during Glycolysis 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to what

A

2 molecules of NADH

28
Q

what is the energy investment Phase

A

glucose is split into 2 smaller molecules

glucose 6c goes to 2 of 3c

29
Q

what is the energy payoff phase

A

the creation of 4 ATP molecules
the creation of 2NADH molecules
final product is 2 Pyruvate

30
Q

define an Anaerobic reaction

A

reaction that does not need oxygen

31
Q

what happens after the pyruvate is made during glycolysis

A

the pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria

32
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation

A

pyruvate is oxidized into a 2 carbon compound

33
Q

what is the Citric Acid Cycle

A

completes the breakdown of the glucose to CO2

34
Q

what is the process of pyruvate oxidation

A
  1. carboxyl group removed from pyruvate releasing it as CO2
  2. 2 carbon molecule is oxidized to reduce the NAD+ to NADH
  3. coenzyme A (CoA) is added to the 2 carbon molecule

making the final product Acetyl CoA
(process done 2 times)

35
Q

what is the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to make citrate

36
Q

what happens during the Citric acid cycle

A
  1. redox reactions remove two carbon atoms and release them as CO2 (twice)
  2. more redox reactions generate FADH2 and NADH
37
Q

what is the output of the cycle per single Acetyl CoA molecule

A

2x CO2
3x NADH
1x FADH2
1x ATP
(this cycle done twice)

38
Q

where does Oxidative Phosphorylation happen

A

In the Mitochondria

39
Q

what are the parts of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
  1. Electron transport chain
  2. Chemiosmosis
40
Q

what percentage of ATP is produced

A

90% of the ATP

41
Q

what is the electron Transport Chain

A

NADH and FADH2 move electrons to the electron transport chain

42
Q

what happens during the Electron Transport Chain

A

H+ ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space

43
Q

Define Chemiosmosis

A

The potential energy if the H+ concentration gradient is used to make ATP

44
Q

what happens during Chemiosmosis

A

H+ atoms are pushed down the concentration gradient through an enzyme called ATP synthase

During which an ADP is combined with is a Phosphorus and creates and ATP

45
Q

how much ATP is made during Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis)

A

About 28 to 32 max of ATP

46
Q

define Fermentation

A

process of harvesting energy from organic matter without using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

47
Q

how is NAD+ regenerated in Cellular respiration

A

when NADH passes its electrons through the electron transport chain during Oxidative Phosphorylation

48
Q

how is NAD+ regenerated in Fermentation

A

oxidative phosphorylation doesn’t happen because there is no Oxygen

49
Q

what are 2 other ways to regenerate NAD+

A

through Lactic Acid Fermentation
alcohol fermentation

50
Q

define an Anaerobe

A

organisms that can live in anaerobic conditions

51
Q

Define Obligate anaerobes

A

require anaerobic conditions or else poisoned by oxygen

52
Q

Define Facultative anaerobes

A

can live in Anaerobic or aerobic conditions

53
Q

if O2 (oxygen) is present what will an organism choose

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

54
Q

if O2 (oxygen) not present what will an organism choose

A

Fermentation

Biology (11 decks)

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