Unit 4 Cellular respiration Flashcards
what two processes work together to provide energy to all living organisms
- photosynthesis
-cellular respiration
what is the chemical formula of Photosynthesis
Sunlight + CO2+H2O = Sugar+O2
where does photosynthesis happen
chloroplasts in plants
some prokaryotes
what is the chemical formula for cellular respiration
Sugar + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP
where does cellular respiration happen
Mitochondria in all eukaryotes
many prokaryotes
what is the difference between respiration and cellular respiration
respiration: exchange of gases
-gaining O2 from environment and releasing CO2
cellular respiration: aerobic harvesting of energy from organic molecules
-using food to get energy
define Aerobic
requiring oxygen
Define a Exergonic reaction
reaction that produces or releases energy
what are life sustaining activities
heart, lung, brain activities
what percentage of your energy does the brain use
20% of your daily energy
what are voluntary activities
what you choose to do
what percentage of energy do life sustaining activities take
75% of your energy
what percentage of energy do voluntary activities take
25% of your energy
define Kcal (C)
the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg of water by 1 degree Celsius
how many calories do life sustaining activities take
1300-1800 calories per day
Define a Redox Reactions
transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
Define Oxidation
loss of electrons
Define a reduction
the gain of electrons
what kind of reaction is cellular respiration
redox reaction
Define Dehydrogenase
enzyme that oxidizes the organic fuel molecule
what are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
where does glycolysis take place
in the cytosol beside the mitochondria
what does glycolysis do
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
while producing a small amount of ATP
Define Substrate level phosphorylation
the process of producing ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
What is the process of substrate level phosphorylation
a phosphate group is transferred from the substrate to the ADP to form a ATP
what are intermediates
the compound produced between the starting reactants and the final product
during Glycolysis 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to what
2 molecules of NADH
what is the energy investment Phase
glucose is split into 2 smaller molecules
glucose 6c goes to 2 of 3c
what is the energy payoff phase
the creation of 4 ATP molecules
the creation of 2NADH molecules
final product is 2 Pyruvate
define an Anaerobic reaction
reaction that does not need oxygen
what happens after the pyruvate is made during glycolysis
the pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria
what is pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate is oxidized into a 2 carbon compound
what is the Citric Acid Cycle
completes the breakdown of the glucose to CO2
what is the process of pyruvate oxidation
- carboxyl group removed from pyruvate releasing it as CO2
- 2 carbon molecule is oxidized to reduce the NAD+ to NADH
- coenzyme A (CoA) is added to the 2 carbon molecule
making the final product Acetyl CoA
(process done 2 times)
what is the Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to make citrate
what happens during the Citric acid cycle
- redox reactions remove two carbon atoms and release them as CO2 (twice)
- more redox reactions generate FADH2 and NADH
what is the output of the cycle per single Acetyl CoA molecule
2x CO2
3x NADH
1x FADH2
1x ATP
(this cycle done twice)
where does Oxidative Phosphorylation happen
In the Mitochondria
what are the parts of Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Electron transport chain
- Chemiosmosis
what percentage of ATP is produced
90% of the ATP
what is the electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2 move electrons to the electron transport chain
what happens during the Electron Transport Chain
H+ ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space
Define Chemiosmosis
The potential energy if the H+ concentration gradient is used to make ATP
what happens during Chemiosmosis
H+ atoms are pushed down the concentration gradient through an enzyme called ATP synthase
During which an ADP is combined with is a Phosphorus and creates and ATP
how much ATP is made during Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis)
About 28 to 32 max of ATP
define Fermentation
process of harvesting energy from organic matter without using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
how is NAD+ regenerated in Cellular respiration
when NADH passes its electrons through the electron transport chain during Oxidative Phosphorylation
how is NAD+ regenerated in Fermentation
oxidative phosphorylation doesn’t happen because there is no Oxygen
what are 2 other ways to regenerate NAD+
through Lactic Acid Fermentation
alcohol fermentation
define an Anaerobe
organisms that can live in anaerobic conditions
Define Obligate anaerobes
require anaerobic conditions or else poisoned by oxygen
Define Facultative anaerobes
can live in Anaerobic or aerobic conditions
if O2 (oxygen) is present what will an organism choose
Oxidative Phosphorylation
if O2 (oxygen) not present what will an organism choose
Fermentation
