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Biology > Unit 3 cell stuctures > Flashcards

Unit 3 cell stuctures Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the cell theory

A

all living things composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

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2
Q

what are the earliest types of microscopes and how does it work

A

light microscopes
-visible light passes through a sample and glass lenses

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3
Q

what is the difference between objective lens and ocular lens

A

objective lens - magnifies up to 10x +

ocular lens - magnifies to 10x

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4
Q

define magnification

A

increase in an objects image size compared with its actual size

Notation: LM 230x

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5
Q

define resolution

A

measure of clarity of an image

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6
Q

how does a electron microscope work

A

focuses beams of electrons through a specimen sample

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7
Q

what are the 2 different types of electron microscopes

A
  • Scanning electron microscope
  • Transmission electron microscope
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8
Q

how does a scanning electron microscope

A

used to study the architecture of a cell
makes a 3d image

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9
Q

how does a transmission electron miscroscope

A

electron beam passed through a very thin section of specimen

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10
Q

what are the limitations of electron and light microscopes

A

electron microscopes
- cannot look at live samples
light microscopes
- cannot see small parts of the cell

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11
Q

what are the two types of cells

A

prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

what are the structures that are common to all life

A

plasma membrane: surrounds the cell
Ribosomes: machinery for protein synthesis
Cytosol: aqueous solution in the cells
DNA: one or more chromosomes
Cytoplasm: all contents of the inside of the cells

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13
Q

what is the function of a plasma membrane

A

regulates the flow of material in and out of the cells

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14
Q

what can pass through a cell membrane

A

-small non-polar molecules
-polar compounds (through channel protein)
-large molecules (through transport proteins)

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15
Q

what are organelles

A

“little organs”
membrane bound structures that perform specific tasks

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16
Q

what is the function of organelles

A
  1. genetic control of cell
  2. Manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules
  3. Energy processing
  4. Structural support, movement, and communication between cells
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17
Q

define cellular metabolism

A

chemical activities of the cell
-each organelle has its own internal chemical conditions

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18
Q

what organelles are only found in animal cells

A

lysosomes and centrosomes
flagella and cilia

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19
Q

what organelles are only found in plant cells

A

rigid cell wall
Plasmodesma
Chloroplasts
large central vacuole

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20
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contain the cells genetic instructions (DNA)
controls the cells activities by directing protein synthesis

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21
Q

what is DNA organized into

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

how many chromosomes does a human had

A

46 Chromosomes

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23
Q

What is chromatin

A

the complex of proteins and DNA

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24
Q

Define a Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing the nucleus

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25
Q

define nucleolus

A

location where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

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26
Q

Define ribosomes

A

parts of cell that use instructions from the nucleus to build proteins

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27
Q

what are the 2 different types of ribosomes

A

-free ribosomes
-bound ribosomes

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28
Q

define Free ribosomes

A

suspended in the cytosol

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29
Q

define bounded ribosomes

A

attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus

30
Q

what is the endomembrane system

A

internal membranes involved in most cellular functions

31
Q

What organelles are in the endomembrane system

A

-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-vesicles
-vacuoles
-plasma membrane

32
Q

what are vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane

33
Q

what is the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

network of flattened sacs and tubules

34
Q

what is the function of the ER

A

manufacturing site in the cell
-vesicles bud from ER to travel to other organelles

35
Q

what does the Smooth ER do

A

-synthesis lipids
-storage of calcium ions
-detoxification

36
Q

what does the Rough ER do

A

-excrete proteins for the cell
-synthesizes new membrane fragments

37
Q

what is the function of a Golgi Apparatus

A

warehouse and processing station for molecules produced by the ER

38
Q

define a lysosome

A

membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes

39
Q

what does a lysosome do

A

-provides an acidic environment for its enzymes to function
- protects the cell from the acidic conditions

40
Q

what are lysosomal diseases

A

diseases in which lysosomal enzymes are missing

41
Q

what are the 2 different vacuoles

A

-food vacuoles
-contractile vacuoles

42
Q

what does a contractile vacuole do

A

collect water or expels the water

43
Q

define the central vacuole

A

absorbs water allowing cell to grow in size

44
Q

what looks like it belongs in the Endomembrane system but it doesnt

A

Peroxisomes

45
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes

A

break down fatty acids to use as cellular fuel
detoxification in liver

46
Q

what 2 organelles are known as the energy converting organelles

A
  1. Mitochondrion
  2. Chloroplasts
47
Q

what is the function of the Mitochondrion

A

carries out cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells

48
Q

what is the Cristae

A

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that is highly folded

49
Q

what is the intermembrane space

A

region in between the inner and outer membranes

50
Q

what is the mitochondrial matrix

A

contains mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes and enzymes

51
Q

what is the function of Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis: converts solar energy into chemical energy

52
Q

Define Stroma

A

think fluid inside the inner membrane

53
Q

define Thylakoids

A

networks of interconnected membranous sacs

54
Q

define Granum

A

Stacks of Thylakoids

55
Q

Define Chlorophyll

A

inside in the Thylakoid membranes to trap solar energy

56
Q

what is the Endosymbiont Theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be small prokaryotes that began living inside larger cells

57
Q

how do Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotic cells

A

single circular DNA molecule
Ribosomes similar to prokaryotic ones
reproduce similarly like prokaryotes

58
Q

define the Cytoskeleton

A

networks of protein fibers extending throughout the cells

59
Q

what are the 3 different types of Cytoskeleton fibers

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Microfilaments
  3. Intermediate filamentsd
60
Q

Define microtubules

A

-straight hollow tubes composed of globular proteins
-found in centrosome

61
Q

what is the function of Microtubules

A
  • support and shape cell
  • guides the movement of chromosomes
    -main component in flagella and cilia
62
Q

define intermediate filaments

A

fibor filaments supercoiled into cables
in animal cells

63
Q

what is the function of intermediate filaments

A

reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles

64
Q

define microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

rods of globular actin proteins

65
Q

what is the function of microfilaments

A
  • inside cell membrane to support cell shape
  • involved in cell movement
66
Q

define Cilia

A
  • short hairlike strands coming from cell
  • moving in a sweeping motion
67
Q

Define Flagella

A

-long tail like appendage on cells
- found on animal sperm cells

68
Q

what is the Extracellular matric

A
  • holds cells together in tissues
  • protects and supports the plasma membrane
69
Q

define tight functions

A

plasma membranes of adjacent cells are knit tightly

70
Q

define anchoring junctions

A

intermediate filaments fasten cells together into long sheets

71
Q

define Gap junctions

A

channels or pores that allow the flow of small molecules from one cell to another

Biology (11 decks)

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