Unit 2 Macrocolecules Flashcards
Define Organic Molecules
Carbon based molecules
Define an Isomer
compounds with same chemical formula but different structural arrangement
define Hydrocarbon
molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen
-major components of petroleum
what are chemical groups
atoms that are attached tp the carbon skeleton
What are the different Chemical groups
- Hydroxyl
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Amino group
- Phosphate group
- Methyl group
Define Polar groups
hydrophilic (water soluble)
-hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino and phosphate groups
Define Non-Polar groups
hydrophobic (not water soluble)
-methyl group
-affects shape of molecule
What are the different classes of Molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
what are macromolecules
very large molecules
what are polymers
small molecules joined together in chains
what are monomers
building blocks for polymers
What is a Dehydration reaction
The making of polymers
what is the process of Dehydration reactions
removes one OH- molecules and H+ from another molecule
- those two result in the making of a water molecule
what is Hydrolysis
the breaking of polymers
what is the process of Hydrolysis
opposite from dehydration
what are examples of Carbohydrates
sugars, saccharides
-most are hydrophilic
-enzymes that break sugars apart end in “ase”
what are monosaccharides
simplest sugars
what is the function of polysaccharides
storage molecules and structural compounds
what are the 4 common types of polysaccharides
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
- Chitin
define starch
- only found in plants
- in a helical shape that is either branched or unbranched
define Glycogen
- glucose storage in molecules
- branched
Define cellulose
- polymer of glucose
- “cable like” microfibers
- most abundant organic compound
- animals cant break it down
Define Lipids
- all hydrophobic (don’t mix with water)
- the smallest out of all the macromolecules
- not polymers
what are the 3 most important types of lipids
- fats
- phospholipids
- steroids
define a fatty acid
carboxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon chain
what are the 2 different types of fatty acids
- Unsaturated
- Saturated
define a Unsaturated fatty acid
-hydrocarbon chain that has 1 or more double bonds
define a Saturated fatty acid
a hydrocarbon chain that has only single bonds
what are examples of unsaturated fatty acids
-fats of fish and plants
(liquid at room temperature)
what are examples of saturated fatty acids
- most animal fats
(solid at room temperature)
what is the main functions of fats
energy storage
what is the role of phospholipids
major components of the cell membrane
define a protein
polymer of small building blocks called amino acids
how is protein function determined
depends on its structure
Define denaturation
process of a protein unraveling and losing its shape and therefore its function
(caused by heat)
define a dipeptide
molecule made up of two amino acids
define a polypeptide
chain of amino acids
define the primary structure
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
define secondary structure
parts of the polypeptide chain coil and fold into regional patterns
define tertiary structure
the overall 3d shape of the folded polypeptide
define the Quaternary structure
proteins that consist of more than 1 polypeptide chain (subunits)
the subunits interact with each other in the quaternary structure to form complete protein
define gene
unit of inheritance that determines the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
Define DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
the nucleic acid that a gene is made of
Define RNA (ribonucleic acid)
nucleic acid that assembles the polypeptide according to the instructions of the DNA
Define nucleotides
monomers that make up nucleic acid
what are the Nitrogenous bases in DNA
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
what are the Nitrogenous bases in RNA
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Uracil (U)
what is the difference between RNA and DNA
RNA has one polynucleotide strand whereas DNA has two polynucleotide strands in a double helix
What Nitrogenous bases pair with each other
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
