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Biology > Unit 2 Macrocolecules > Flashcards

Unit 2 Macrocolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Organic Molecules

A

Carbon based molecules

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2
Q

Define an Isomer

A

compounds with same chemical formula but different structural arrangement

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3
Q

define Hydrocarbon

A

molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen
-major components of petroleum

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4
Q

what are chemical groups

A

atoms that are attached tp the carbon skeleton

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5
Q

What are the different Chemical groups

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Carboxyl
  4. Amino group
  5. Phosphate group
  6. Methyl group
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6
Q

Define Polar groups

A

hydrophilic (water soluble)
-hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino and phosphate groups

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7
Q

Define Non-Polar groups

A

hydrophobic (not water soluble)
-methyl group
-affects shape of molecule

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8
Q

What are the different classes of Molecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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9
Q

what are macromolecules

A

very large molecules

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10
Q

what are polymers

A

small molecules joined together in chains

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11
Q

what are monomers

A

building blocks for polymers

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12
Q

What is a Dehydration reaction

A

The making of polymers

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13
Q

what is the process of Dehydration reactions

A

removes one OH- molecules and H+ from another molecule
- those two result in the making of a water molecule

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14
Q

what is Hydrolysis

A

the breaking of polymers

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15
Q

what is the process of Hydrolysis

A

opposite from dehydration

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16
Q

what are examples of Carbohydrates

A

sugars, saccharides
-most are hydrophilic
-enzymes that break sugars apart end in “ase”

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17
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

simplest sugars

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18
Q

what is the function of polysaccharides

A

storage molecules and structural compounds

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19
Q

what are the 4 common types of polysaccharides

A
  1. starch
  2. glycogen
  3. cellulose
  4. Chitin
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20
Q

define starch

A
  • only found in plants
  • in a helical shape that is either branched or unbranched
21
Q

define Glycogen

A
  • glucose storage in molecules
  • branched
22
Q

Define cellulose

A
  • polymer of glucose
  • “cable like” microfibers
  • most abundant organic compound
  • animals cant break it down
23
Q

Define Lipids

A
  • all hydrophobic (don’t mix with water)
  • the smallest out of all the macromolecules
  • not polymers
24
Q

what are the 3 most important types of lipids

A
  1. fats
  2. phospholipids
  3. steroids
25
Q

define a fatty acid

A

carboxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon chain

26
Q

what are the 2 different types of fatty acids

A
  • Unsaturated
  • Saturated
27
Q

define a Unsaturated fatty acid

A

-hydrocarbon chain that has 1 or more double bonds

28
Q

define a Saturated fatty acid

A

a hydrocarbon chain that has only single bonds

29
Q

what are examples of unsaturated fatty acids

A

-fats of fish and plants
(liquid at room temperature)

30
Q

what are examples of saturated fatty acids

A
  • most animal fats
    (solid at room temperature)
31
Q

what is the main functions of fats

A

energy storage

32
Q

what is the role of phospholipids

A

major components of the cell membrane

33
Q

define a protein

A

polymer of small building blocks called amino acids

34
Q

how is protein function determined

A

depends on its structure

35
Q

Define denaturation

A

process of a protein unraveling and losing its shape and therefore its function
(caused by heat)

36
Q

define a dipeptide

A

molecule made up of two amino acids

37
Q

define a polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids

38
Q

define the primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

39
Q

define secondary structure

A

parts of the polypeptide chain coil and fold into regional patterns

40
Q

define tertiary structure

A

the overall 3d shape of the folded polypeptide

41
Q

define the Quaternary structure

A

proteins that consist of more than 1 polypeptide chain (subunits)

the subunits interact with each other in the quaternary structure to form complete protein

42
Q

define gene

A

unit of inheritance that determines the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

43
Q

Define DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

the nucleic acid that a gene is made of

44
Q

Define RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

nucleic acid that assembles the polypeptide according to the instructions of the DNA

45
Q

Define nucleotides

A

monomers that make up nucleic acid

46
Q

what are the Nitrogenous bases in DNA

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
47
Q

what are the Nitrogenous bases in RNA

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Uracil (U)
48
Q

what is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has one polynucleotide strand whereas DNA has two polynucleotide strands in a double helix

49
Q

What Nitrogenous bases pair with each other

A

A pairs with T
G pairs with C

Biology (11 decks)

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