Unit 4 Flashcards
Selective Attention
focusing on a object for a period of time while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant information thats occurring
top down processing
focusing on expectations/experiences in interpreting incoming info
button up processing
focusing on raw material through eyes and ears (etc)
just noticeable difference
minimum difference a person can detect (difference threshold)
weber’s law
great original stimulus the larger the difference must be to be noticed
sensory interaction
how senses interact with each other and influence each other
lens
helps focus images on the retina
pupil
controls amount of light entering the eye
- bright = pupil smaller
- dark = pupil enlarged
Iris
regulates size of pupil: allow more/less light to center of eye
- colored portion of eye
retina
where light waves are received by rods and cones
optic nerve
carries visual info from eye to occipital lobe
blind spot
- no rods or cones in this area
opponent process theory
sensory receptors in retina come in pairs:
- red/green - yellow/white - black/white - only one scale is on at a time
transduction
physical energy is converted to a neural signal that can be processed by nervous system
- location = different for each sense
tri-chromatic theory
- everything you see is a combination of these colors
• red
• green
• blue
electromagnetic waves and color
developed through rods and cones
hair cells
change sound vibration into neural impulses
- movement of fluid causes hair cells to move = causes transduction
receptors cells for all senses
hearing = hair cells visual = rods and cones touch = on skin smell = olfactory receptors in upper nasal passages taste = taste buds inside papillae
ear drum
transfer sound vibration from air to tiny bones of middle ear
- vibrates when sound reaches it
hammer, anvil , stirrup
tiny bones that transfer sound waves from eardrum to cochlea
oval window
receives sound vibration from ossicles
- as oval window vibrates, fluid in cochlea vibrates
cochlea
where sound waves are changed into neural impulses
- filled with fluid , small shaped body tube
semicircular canals
used in sensing body orientation and balance
- relies on fluid in canals
outer ear
-sound waves enter and sent to eardrum
inner ear
sound waves ripple fluid in cochlea and activates hair cells
middle ear
hammer, anvil and stirrup
sound location
locating where sound originated
- done through 2 cues:
•which ear hears sound 1st?
• which ear heads the louder sound?
pitch
highness or lowness of a sound
gate control theory
gates are open when pain is felt
- non-pain fibers can close the pain gates to stop the dense of pain
• release endorphins can shit pain completely off
motion perception
perceiving motion
retina disparity
- depends on 2 eyes
- distance greater = objects look closer
binocular cues
- depth cues
- depend on use of 2 eyes
relative clarity
- light objects seem closer
- darker seem farther
linear perspective
parallel lines converge with distance (vanishing point)
texture gradient
more detailed= closer it looks
relative height
higher look farther
relative size
smaller image looks more distant
interposition
closer image blocks distant image
monocular cues
depth cues, either eye alone
depth perception
ability to see in 3D
vestibular sense
relies on fluid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear
kinetheic sense
sensing body position
-leg falling alseep
subliminal messages
below normal limits of perception
- below conscious kind (goes unnoticed)
proximity
objects that are near each other tend to be grouped together
Continuity
tendency to create continuous figures
closure
seeing something incomplete, thinking it was whole
similarity
things with similar characteristics belong together
convergence
the closer an object is the more your eyes have to focus causing you to look inward
stroboscopic motion
still image that looks like it’s moving
context effects
perception stimulus based on environmental factors and experience
(top down)
perceptual allusion
incorrect perception
parapsychology
study of perception and how we interpret things from senses and experience
perceptual set
focusing on certain sensory data and ignoring others
constancy: shape , size and color
tendency to think it’s the same shape, size and color based on experience and prior knowledge
ex: knowing the doors open and not that skinny
