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A.P. Psyche > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

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5
Q

selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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6
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

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8
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

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9
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

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10
Q

signal detection theory

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

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11
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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12
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perceptions, memory, or response.

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13
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd).

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14
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount)

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15
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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16
Q

top down processing

A

information and perception based off of past experiences and expectations.

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17
Q

bottom up processing

A

analysis and perception based off of the sense receptors

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18
Q

selective attention

A

pereceptions about objects change from moment to moment (know what the cocktail party effect is)

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19
Q

inattentional blindness

A

inability to see an object because our attention is elsewhere

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20
Q

change blindness

A

inattentional blindness in which people don’t expect a change. when the change happens, they doubt that they perceived a change in the first place

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21
Q

transduction

A

in sensation, the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses

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22
Q

vision

A

phototransduction: converts light energy into neural iompulses that we can understand

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23
Q

wavelength (hue)

A

dimension of color dteremined by the wavelength of the light. wavelength is determined by the distance from one peak of a wave to another

24
Q

intensity

A

amount of energy in a light wave determined by the amplitude (the width of the wavelength).

25
Q

the lens

A

transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus imagges on the retina

26
Q

rods

A

high sensitivity to light. low sense to color. low sense to detail.

27
Q

cones

A

low sensitivity to liht. high sense to color. high sense to detail

28
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

receive messages from photoreceptors and transmits them to anaglion cells

29
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

transmits messages from bipolar cells to the optuic nerve

30
Q

optic nerve

A

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

31
Q

blind spot

A

point where the optic nerve leaves eye because there are no receptor cells located there

32
Q

Fovea

A

central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster

33
Q

subdivisions of visual processing

A

color, depth, form, motion

34
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

retina contains three receptors sensitive to red, blue, and green colors

35
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

we process four primary colors combined in pairs of red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white

36
Q

three sound characteristics

A

frequency (pitch), intensity (loudness), quality (timbre)

37
Q

Place Theory

A

sound frequencies stimulate the basilar membrane at specific places resulting in perceived sounds

38
Q

Frequency Theory

A

rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

39
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

caused by damage to system that conducts sounds waves to the cochlea

40
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to cochlea’s receptor cells or the auditory nerve. aka nerve deafness

41
Q

skin senses

A

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

42
Q

5 basic tastes

A

sweet, salty, umami, sour, bitter

43
Q

umami

A

savory taste (soup stock)

44
Q

why does scent trigger memories so fast?

A

brain region for smell is closely related to the regions associated with memory

45
Q

synesthesia

A

mixing of the scents. (7 looks yellow)

46
Q

gestalt grouping principles

A

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure,connectedness

47
Q

binocular cues

A

retinal disparity, convergence

48
Q

retinal disparity

A

images from two eyes differ. (touching finger tips together in front of your eyes trick)

49
Q

convergence

A

crossing your eyes

50
Q

monocular cues

A 
relative size
interposition
relative clairty
texture
relative height
relative motion
linear perspective
light and shadow
motion
51
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

When lights flash at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. (ex: Christmas lights, neon signs)

52
Q

Size Constancy

A

we perceive forms as distant or close by the size of them

53
Q

shape constancy

A

texture helps us determine shapes better

54
Q

Ponzo Illusion

A

(railroad tracks) converging lines indicate that top line is farther away than bottom line

55
Q

Lightness / Color Constancy

A

Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations. When the context of the color changes, the color appears different

56
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A

Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field. (upside-down glasses)

57
Q

Perception is…

A

Biophsychosocial

A.P. Psyche (15 decks)

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