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A.P. Psyche > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

sensory neuron

A

afferent (input)

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3
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent (output)

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4
Q

interneurons

A

info between other neurons, ONLY in brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

dendrite

A

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body

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6
Q

axon

A

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or glands

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7
Q

myelin sheath

A

layers of fatty cells that encase the fibers of many neurons in segments / enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses

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8
Q

action potential

A

brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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9
Q

threshold

A

minimum stimulation necessary to produce an action potential

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10
Q

synapse

A

Junction between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sending neurons, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate an action potential

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12
Q

reuptake

A

excess neurotransmitters are sucked back up

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13
Q

nervous system

A

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body

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14
Q

central nervous system

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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15
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

nerves

A

a whitish bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs

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17
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary nervous system

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18
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Mostly involuntary functions

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19
Q

endorphins

A

Control Pain and pleasure, released in respond to pain

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20
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arousal system. (Fear, flight / fight)

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21
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

“calms” nervous system

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22
Q

reflex

A

an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought

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23
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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24
Q

adrenal glands

A

releases adrenaline (epinephrine)

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25
Q

pituitary gland

A

“Master gland” in the brain - influences other glands

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26
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of influence genetics and environment has on behavior

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27
Q

chromosomes

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying information in the form of genes

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28
Q

genome

A

set of genes that is distinct for each organism

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29
Q

molecular genetics

A

the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material ar the molecular level

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30
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

psychology philosophy that relies on evolution for answers in psychology

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31
Q

natural selection

A

survival of the fittest and most adapted

32
Q

EEG

A

amplified recording of electrical brain activity waves

33
Q

CT (CAT)

A

series of photographs (slices) combined

34
Q

PET

A

detects where radioactive glucose forms when brain is performing tasks

35
Q

MRI

A

shows brain anatomy, uses radio waves and magnetic fields to form computer generated images

36
Q

Lesion

A

tissue destruction

37
Q

Brainstem

A

oldest part of the brain - responsible for automatic functions

38
Q

medulla

A

controls heartbeat and breathing

39
Q

Reticular Formation

A

controls arousal

40
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory switchboard. receives info from the senses and transmits them to the medulla and cerebellum

41
Q

cerebellum

A

(little brain) coordinates movement and balance

42
Q

limbic system

A

emotions and drives

43
Q

amygdala

A

linked to emotions

44
Q

hypothalamus

A

body maintenance (eating, drinking, and body temperature) and linked to emotions and rewards

45
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin surface of interconnected neural cells; body’s ultimate control and information - processing center

46
Q

glial cells

A

cells in nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

47
Q

frontal lobes

A

front part of the cerebral cortex, involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans and judgements

48
Q

parietal lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortex that is on the top and toward the back. receives sensory input for touch and body position

49
Q

occipital lobes

A

back part of the cerebral cortex. receives information from the visual fields

50
Q

temporal lobes

A

sides of the cerebral cortex. receives information from opposite ears

51
Q

motor cortex

A

area toward the back of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

52
Q

sensory cortex

A

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

53
Q

association areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

54
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually due to damage to Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area.

55
Q

Broca’s area

A

controls language expression, speaking

56
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

controls language reception, understanding

57
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the two brain hemispheres and carries messages between them

58
Q

split brain

A

a conditions resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum connecting them

59
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

60
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

61
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

62
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of the brain activity linked with cognition

63
Q

dual processing

A

information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracts.

64
Q

GABA

A

most inhibitory neurotransmitter. too much glutamate and too little GABA results in epileptic seizures.

65
Q

Glutamate

A

too much glutamate and too little GABA results in epileptic seizures. Major excitatory neurotransmitter

66
Q

Seratonin

A

involved in sleep and depression.

67
Q

Noripnephrine

A

alertness and arousal. adrenaline. “fight or flight” neurotransmitter

68
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in attention and learning. dopamine imbalance results in schizophrenia / parkinsons disease.

69
Q

endorphins

A

pain / pleasure neuro transmitter. releaesed in response to pain / exertion.

70
Q

acetylcholine

A

involved in learning and muscle contraction and usage. is found in all motor neurons

71
Q

agonists…

A

mimic neurotransmitters

72
Q

antagonists.

A

block neurotransmitters

73
Q

the central nervous system is…

A

the brain and the spine

74
Q

older brain structures include…

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
amygdala
hippocampus

75
Q

The broca’s area…

A

controls the output of language

76
Q

the angular gyrus…

A

converts visual meaning to pheonetic readin. (reading outloud)

A.P. Psyche (15 decks)

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