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Bio 115 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5’ end of the RNA

A

modified guanine nucleotide

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2
Q

During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3’ end of the RNA

A

a long string of adenine nucleotides

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3
Q

Spliceosomes are composed of ____

A

small RNAs and proteins

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4
Q

The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____

A

exons

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5
Q

Translation occurs in the

A

cytoplasm

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6
Q

For any given gene, what ultimately determines which DNA strand serves as the template strand?

A

the base sequence of the gene’s promoter

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7
Q

In eukaryotic cells, where do transcription and translation occur?

A

Transcription inside the nuclear envelope

Translation in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

In prokaryotic cells, where do translation and transcription occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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9
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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10
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

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11
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

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12
Q

Translation

A

The process of making proteins from mRNA

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13
Q

Characteristics of tRNA

A

single stranded and get transcribed but not translated

part of the decoding process (contains anticodons)

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14
Q

Anticodons and RNA codons are….

A

Complementary

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15
Q

tRNA has what at the 3’ end?

A

an amino acid attachment site

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16
Q

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

A

adds an amino acid to the tRNA molecule

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17
Q

what is rRNA composed of?

A

rRNA and associated protein(s)

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18
Q

what does rRNA do?

A

read mRNA and create proteins

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19
Q

Initiation stage

A

Initiation factors (proteins) recruit first amino acid on tRNA and mRNA to the smell subunit of the ribosome

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20
Q

Elongation stage

A

EPA sites (?)) girl idfk

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21
Q

E site

A

Exit site

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22
Q

P site

A

Passing site

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23
Q

A site

A

Accepting site (new charged tRNAs enter here)

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24
Q

termination stage

A

the final stage, the process stops here

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25
Q

how many ribosomes can attach to a mRNA moleceleh

A

More than one

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26
Q

Prokaryote promoters

A

-10 & -35

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27
Q

Eukaryotic promoter

A

TATA box

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28
Q

Prokaryotic initiation protein

A

Sigma

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29
Q

Eukaryotic polymerase

A

Transcription factors

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30
Q

Does newly created mRNA require processing?

A

Prokaryotic: No
Eukaryotic: Yes

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31
Q

Polyribosomes present during translation prokaryotes?

A

Yes

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32
Q

Polyribosomes present during translation eukaryotes?

A

Yes

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33
Q

Is translation coupled with transcription?

A

P: Yes
E: No

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34
Q

RNA is created in a ________ fashion, which means DNA is read from ______

A

5 to 3 ; 3 to 5

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35
Q

what does mRNA do?

A

code for proteins

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36
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

a carrier for amino acids, and harbors an anticodon

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37
Q

what does rRNA do?

A

makes up a ribosome along with protein(s)

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38
Q

first step of protein synthesis?

A

A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA, the tRNA for methionine (in the P site), and a large ribosomal subunit

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39
Q

second step of protein synthesis?

A

An amino-acyl tRNA binds to the A site

40
Q

third step of protein synthesis?

A

A peptide bond forms between the new amino acid and a methionine amino acid

41
Q

fourth step of protein synthesis?

A

The ribosome moves so that the “empty” tRNA moves from the P site to the E site and the amino-acyl tRNA moves from the A site to the P site

42
Q

last step of protein synthesis?

A

tRNA in the E site disassociates from the complex

43
Q

Transcription and translation happen _____ in prokaryotes

A

simultaneously

44
Q

What is different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?

A

The area within the cell in which transcription occurs.

The promoter sequences used.

The processing of RNA.

45
Q

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?

A

transcription

46
Q

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?

A

translation

47
Q

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?

A

RNA processing

48
Q

Polypeptides are assembled from

A

amino acids

49
Q

Transcriptional gene regulation

A

The cell controls when it creates certain mRNAs

50
Q

Translational gene regulation

A

The cell controls when mRNAs are translated

51
Q

Post-translational gene regulation

A

The cell controls the chemical modification of proteins
(presence of different chemicals effect protein activity and shape)

52
Q

Negative control

A

Regulatory protein shuts down transcription

53
Q

Positive control

A

Regulatory protein triggers transcription

54
Q

E-coli prefer which sugar?

A

Glucose (it’s easier)

55
Q

Which two proteins are necessary for E. coli to use lactose?

A

Beta galactosidase (breaks down lactose)

Galactosidase permeate (membrane protein that brings lactose in)

56
Q

Genes that create the proteins needed to transport and metabolize lactose

A

lacZ-enzyme
lacY-membrane protein
lacI-protein effect gene expression

57
Q

LacI protein

A

Negative regulatory protein that prevents the transcription of both the enzyme and the membrane protein WHEN LACTOSE IS NOT PRESENT

58
Q

Operon

A

Chain of promoter to operator to lac genes

59
Q

The repressive protein in lacI binds to DNA at the operator to _____

A

prevent transcription of lacZ, lacY, and lacA

60
Q

Your cells have identical ____ but varying ____

A

DNA; RNA/Proteins

61
Q

DNA interacts with proteins to find its final form:

A

A condensed chromosome

62
Q

Histone

A

A group of proteins found in chromatin

63
Q

Euchromatin activity during interphase

A

Dispersed

64
Q

Heterochromatin activity during interphase

A

Compact

65
Q

In euchromatin, genes are _____

A

Available for transcriptional activity

66
Q

I’m heterochromatin, genes are

A

Usually transcriptionally inactive

67
Q

The lac operon in E. coli utilizes both ______ control of gene expression.

A

positive and negative

68
Q

How does the presence of glucose in an E. coli’s environment affect the transcription of the lac operon?

A

Increased glucose levels decrease the level of cAMP, leading to less frequent transcription

69
Q

Glucose High; Lactose Low; Low Level of Transcription describes

A

RNA polymerase bound loosely to promoter

70
Q

Glucose High; Lactose High; Low Level of Transcription describes

A

RNA polymerase bound loosely to promoter with an inducer-repressor complex

71
Q

Some forms of chromatin modification can be _______ to future generations of cells.

A

passed on

72
Q

DNA is not transcribed when chromatin is packaged _____

A

tightly in a condensed form

73
Q

Acetylation of histone tails is a _____

A

reversible process

74
Q

Acetylation of histone tails in chromatin allows access to _______

A

DNA for transcription

75
Q

______ of histone tails in chromatin can promote condensation of the chromatin

A

Methylation

76
Q

All core histones are ___ and ___ rich

A

lysine; arginine

77
Q

During histone modification, ionic bonds form between….?

A

Histones and DNA

78
Q

Acetylation

A

Addition of an acetyl group
Neutralizes the positive charge of histones

79
Q

Deacetylation

A

Removal of an acetyl group
Restores histones positive charge

80
Q

Methylation of H3 core histone usually leads to ____ through ____

A

Transcriptional silencing; chromatin remodeling

81
Q

DNA methylation

A

Inheritance of “imprinted genes”
Unique to mammals

82
Q

Epigenetics

A

Mechanisms that initiate and maintain heritable patterns of gene expression without changing the DNA sequence

83
Q

When more distant sequences help to regulate transcription, it may be due to ______

A

A change in DNA structure

84
Q

One gene will lead to one ____

A

pre-mRNA

85
Q

RNAi

A

RNA Interference

86
Q

Chaperone proteins

A

Help to fold complex eukaryotic proteins

87
Q

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

A

A set of methods that allows researchers to mix and match genes from any set of organisms to create DNA sequences that do not exist naturally

88
Q

How do we cut DNA?

A

Restriction enzymes

89
Q

Vector

A

A DNA molecule that Carrie’s the foreign DNA fragment into a host cell

90
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular piece of double-stranded DNA

91
Q

Plasmid vectors usually have multiple ___

A

Restriction enzyme cut sites

92
Q

What does CRISPR require?

A

-CAS9 protein
-Guide RNA
-Programmed DNA

93
Q

How can one eukaryotic gene lead to one transcript, but multiple different proteins?

A

Alternative splicing

94
Q

Why would a gene for antibacterial resistance be placed into a plasmid used for transfer into E.coli during a recombinant DNA experiment?

A

To track which cells take up the vector

95
Q

What is found in both PCR reactions and naturally occurring DNA replications?

A

Polymerase
DNA to be replicated
Nucleotides
Primers

96
Q

The children of athletes tend to be much more athletic, on average, than other children because the physical characterics their parents built up over their lifetimes have been passed on to their children.

This statements is more:

A

Lamarckian

Bio 115 (9 decks)

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