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Bio 115 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four categories of organic molecule?

A

Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

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2
Q

Monomer

A

A single unit of a larger macromolecule
—Carbon based molecule

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3
Q

Polymer

A

The result of many monomers assembled as a group

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4
Q

Condensation/Dehydration Reaction

A

The process that links two monomers together with chemical bonds
—Occurs when two hydrogen and one oxygen atom (aka water) are removed from two monomers

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5
Q

Why is it called a “condensation” reaction?

A

Because when two monomers are linked together by a covalent bond, the result is a macromolecule plus a molecule of water

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6
Q

When water is being removed from monomers, we call it…

A

a dehydration reaction

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7
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which a water molecule is added

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8
Q

The type of chemical reaction responsible for linking monomers into polymers is known as…

A

condensation reaction

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9
Q

All polymers are linked by what type of bond?

A

Covalent

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10
Q

Type of chemical reaction responsible for breaking polymers back down into monomers..

A

hydrolysis reaction

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11
Q

Protein’s structure consists of

A

a repeating chain of amino acids

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12
Q

What are some functions of protein?

A

-Cellular Metabolism
-Transport Molecules
-Structure and Support
-Signaling Molecules
-Defense
-Movement

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13
Q

Amino acids are the monomers for…

A

protein (the polymer)

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14
Q

How many different kinds of amino acids are there?

A

Essentially 20

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15
Q

What is found in all amino acids?

A

A central carbon atom that bonds covalently to four different atoms/functional groups

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16
Q

The major difference between amino acids lies….

A

within the R-group/side chain

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17
Q

In an amino acid monomer, where is each component located?

A

Amino group on the left, carboxyl group on the right, carbon atom in the center, hydrogen atom on the top and side chain on the bottom

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18
Q

Name the components of an amino acid monomer.

A

-Central carbon atom
-Side chain
-Carboxyl group
-Hydrogen atom
-Amino group

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19
Q

R-group

A

Represents the part of the amino acid core structure that makes each of the 20 different amino acids unique

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20
Q

The properties of amino acids __ because their R-groups __

A

vary

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21
Q

What lay on the ends of an amino acid monomer?

A

N-terminus: amino group
C-terminus: carboxyl group

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22
Q

Peptide bond

A

Carbon-nitrogen covalent bond that results from the bonding between the n-terminus and the c-terminus of 2 amino acid monomers

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23
Q

Peptide vs polypeptide

A

Peptides generally have less than 50 amino acids linked together
Polypeptides generally have more than 50 amino acids linked together

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24
Q

Protein’s primary structure

A

Linear chain of amino acids

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25
Q

What do actin and myosin do?

A

Allow for movement as they are major components of muscle tissue

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26
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

Transports oxygen through the blood stream

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27
Q

What type of bonds form between the monomers that make up protein?

A

Peptide

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28
Q

What does a protein structure resemble?

A

A pearl necklace

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29
Q

What does a protein secondary structure resemble?

A

A piece of ribbon

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30
Q

What is an alpha helix

A

The part of the protein secondary structure that coils

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31
Q

What is a beta pleated sheet

A

The part of a protein secondary structure that loops back on itself

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32
Q

What does a proteins tertiary structure resemble?

A

A bunched up piece of ribbon

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33
Q

The secondary structure of a protein results from

A

Hydrogen bonds

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34
Q

Tertiary structure is not directly dependent on

A

Peptide bonds

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35
Q

Quaternary structure results from

A

Individual proteins coming together to form multi-subunit protein complexes

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36
Q

Nucleic acids consists of what kind of monomer?

A

Nucleotides

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37
Q

In order for a protein to be created, what needs to occur?

A

A single-stranded nucleic acid copy of the code stored in the DNA needs to be created (RNA)

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38
Q

What is RNA able to do that DNA cannot?

A

Leave the nucleus and interact with ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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39
Q

What is the process of RNA being made from DNA, to the creation of a protein known as?

A

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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40
Q

What is RNA?

A

A copy of the instructions stored in DNA that can be used to create a protein

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41
Q

What is the base structure of nucleic acids?

A

Phosphate group attached to the fifth carbon
Nitrogenous base attached to a carbon
Five-carbon sugar in the center

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42
Q

The major difference between nucleotides lies in the….

A

Exact type of sugar and nitrogenous base in the structure

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43
Q

What sugars are in the structures of DNA and RNA?

A

Deoxyribose and ribose (respectfully)

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44
Q

What is the telling difference between a DNA and RNA structure?

A

RNA has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon, whereas DNA only has a hydrogen attached (H)

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45
Q

What is the difference between pyrimidines and purines?

A

Pyrimidines contain a single-ring structure

Purines are larger and have a two-ring structure

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46
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are contained by both DNA and RNA?

A

Cytosine, guanine, and adenine

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47
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are exclusive to either DNA or RNA?

A

DNA-Thymine
RNA-Uracil

48
Q

How are nucleotides linked?

A

Between the sugar component and phosphate group of two separate nucleotides

49
Q

The 3’ carbon is…

A

Always attached to the hydroxyl group

50
Q

When two nucleotides polymerize….

A

a condensation reaction occurs and water is removed

51
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

The covalent bond that results from a condensation reaction between the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl groups on the 3’ carbon and phosphate of a second nucleotide

52
Q

Sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Continued covalent linkage of sugars and phosphates between nucleotide monomers

53
Q

What are the tops and bottom of DNA and RNA strands?

A

Top: unlinked 5’ phosphate exposed
Bottom: unlinked 3’ hydroxyl

54
Q

RNA is ____ whereas DNA is _____

A

single stranded; double stranded

55
Q

What are the two strands of DNA held together by?

A

H-bonds

56
Q

Hydrogen bonds in DNA only form between….

A

Guanine & cytosine, adenine & thymine

57
Q

Complimentary base pairs

A

G-C and A-T groups

58
Q

Antiparallel

A

The opposite alignment of two DNA strands

59
Q

T or F: Nucleotides can be broken apart from a single strand of RNA by hydrolysis reactions.

A

True

60
Q

Carbohydrates are polymers of

A

monosaccharides

61
Q

What can carbohydrates be used for?

A

-Energy storage
-Structure/Support
-Cellular Identity

62
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single, simple sugar molecule

63
Q

Each monosaccharide consists of:

A

-Several hydroxyl functional groups
-Multiple carbon-hydrogen bonds
-A carbonyl functional group

64
Q

Aldose monosaccharides

A

Have the carbonyl group attached to a terminal carbon

65
Q

Ketose monosaccharides

A

Have a carbonyl group attached to an interior carbon

66
Q

Glucose vs Galactose

A

Glucose’s hydroxyl group faces upwards, while galactose’s group faces downwards

67
Q

Trioses

A

Three-carbon sugars

68
Q

Pentose

A

Five-carbon sugar

69
Q

Hexose

A

Six-carbon sugar

70
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Another name for carbohydrates

71
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monomers in length

72
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Result of a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

73
Q

Carbohydrate chains can also take the appearance of….

A

A wall or branched chain

74
Q

Which polysaccharide stores energy in animals?

A

Glycogen

75
Q

Which polysaccharide is a structural component of bacterial cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

76
Q

Which macromolecules are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic?

A

Lipids

77
Q

Lipids are made up of….

A

A single glycerol molecule and more than one fatty acid molecule

78
Q

What roles do lipids play in living organisms?

A

-Adjusting fluidity and solubility of cell membranes
-Storing energy
-Send chemical messages

79
Q

Lipids are largely hydrophobic because

A

their structure contains a high number of hydrocarbons

80
Q

Hydrocarbons are nonpolar because…

A

Electrons are shared equally in C-H bonds

81
Q

Fatty acids consist of….

A

A carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

82
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated chains contain only single bonds
Unsaturated chains contain one or more double bonds

83
Q

Fats

A

Nonpolar, composed of three fatty acids that are linked by a glycerol molecule

84
Q

Ester bond

A

The bond created between glycerol and a fatty acid to produce a lipid

85
Q

Phospholipid

A

Consists of glycerol and two hydrocarbon chains

86
Q

Match the polymers with their bonds:
-Nucleic acids
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Monosaccharides

A

-Phosphodiester
-Peptide
-Ester
-Glycosidic

87
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

The breaking down of weak bonds within a protein molecule, losing the non-primary structures

88
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Bring reactant molecules together for quicker biological chemical reactions

89
Q

Enzymes

A

Act as catalysts for chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

90
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of free energy required to reach the transition state (form new bonds)

91
Q

Stages of enzyme action

A

Initiation, transition, termination

92
Q

High temperatures and acidic pH effect enzymes because….

A

It destroys weak bonds and therefore the enzyme denatures

93
Q

When enzymes are regulated; they are….

A

Turned off or in quickly by other molecules

94
Q

Types of enzyme regulation

A

-
-

95
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

Compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme

96
Q

Non-competitive inhibitors

A

Do not compete for the active site since they bind to another part of the enzyme

97
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

Changing of an enzymes shape due to a molecule bonding to the allosteric site

98
Q

Cofactors

A

Non-protein molecules that help enzymes work

99
Q

Coenzymes

A

Subset of cofactors that are organic

100
Q

Which carbon is the carbonyl group attached to in fructose?

A

C2

101
Q

How do we determine what number carbons are in a carbohydrate?

A

Count from end that is closest to the carbonyl group

102
Q

What are the energy storage polysaccharides in plants and animals?

A

Starch and Glycogen

103
Q

What is the difference between starch and glycogen structures?

A

Glycogen struture is more branched than starch structure

104
Q

Cellulose structure consists of _____

A

chains of beta glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic and hydrogen bonds

105
Q

The polysaccharide responsible for structure within fungi, insects and crustaceans

A

Chitin

106
Q

The polysaccharide responsible for structure within bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

107
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Enzymes work together in the metabolism of molecules within our cells

108
Q

Feedback (negative) inhibition works to….

A

Stop the metabolic process once enough of a final substance has been made

109
Q

How can you identify whether a nucleic acid is single or double stranded?

A

If there’s one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar, it’s single-stranded

110
Q

What pairing is perfect within the structure of DNA?

A

Purine & Pyrimidine together

111
Q

A molecule of DNA is 20% C. What percentage of it is made up of G?

A

20% because they have to be equal amounts

112
Q

A molecule of DNA is 20% C. What percentage of it is made up of T?

A

30%

113
Q

Secondary RNA structure

A

C-G & A-U(?)

114
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Used to store energy
-Nitrogenous base attached to a sugar attached to three phosphate groups

115
Q

Where is energy stored within an ATP?

A

Within the phosphate bonds

116
Q

Breaking an ATP bond results in….

A

released energy

Bio 115 (9 decks)

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