Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 115 > DNA/Genes > Flashcards

DNA/Genes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Semi-Conservative

A

One daughter molecule is an exact replica of the parent, one is entirely new material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conservative

A

The parental double helix remains fully intact in daughter molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dispersive

A

Each strand of daughter molecule contains a mixture of new and old parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA strands run…

A

antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA synthesis has…

A

directionality (we can only add to the 3’ end, not the 5’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DNA is synthesized in a ____ manner

A

5’—>3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Helicase

A

Breaks H-bonds to open the replication bubble.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Single-strand DNA-binding proteins

A

Stabilizes single-stranded DNA (keeps DNA single-stranded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix to relieve twisting forces caused by the opening of the helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What catalyzes DNA synthesis?

A

DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primers are _____ that allow the initiation of ___

A

short sequences; DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which part of a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule provides the energy for DNA synthesis?

A

Phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which enzyme creates a primer for DNA polymerase?

A

Primase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Okazaki fragments in E. coli are formed _____

A

on the lagging strand of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following hypothetical changes would eliminate the need to synthesize a lagging strand?

A

Allowing DNA synthesis to occur in both the 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’ directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ stretches of single-stranded DNA are expected on the lagging strand template than on the leading strand template.

A

Longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell becomes destroyed (it dies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

We know how old a cell is based off of….

A

How short it’s telomeres are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why does apoptosis occur!

A

If left, cells can become cancerous over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Interphsses

A

G1: Cell growth
S: DNA REPLICATION
G2: ??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mitosis is division of ____ cells

A

Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Major roles of mitosis

A

Organismal growth
Development
Tissue repair/renewal
Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mitosis is highly ……

A

Regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Same genes in the same order, don’t always have the same DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Each chromatid contains ______

A

A single molecule of double-stranded DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Each chromatid contains the same _____

A

set of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Each chromosome contains both ______

A

DNA and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stages of mitosis in order

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

During which stages do microtubules attach to kinetochores?

A

prometaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

During which stage do tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules?

A

prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

During which stage do cohesions break down?

A

anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

During which stage do kinetochores become motionless in relation to pores of the cell?

A

metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

During which stage do kinetochores move toward poles of the cell?

A

anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

During which stage do spindle microtubules disassemble?

A

telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

During which stage do cohesins join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosomes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

During prophase, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle

A

lengthen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

During anaphase, the nonkinetochore microtubules _____ and move past each other, and the kinetochore microtubules_____

A

lengthen, shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

During telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules

A

disassemble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, the phage’s ____ remains outside of the cell

A

protein coat

40
Q

Due to the use of RNA primers in DNA synthesis, the lagging strand of DNA requires_____ to be sure telomeres do not shorten with each DNA replication

A

extra attention

41
Q

G1

A

DNA is undamaged, therefore DNA will be allowed to replicate.

42
Q

G2

A

Chromosomes have replicated correctly and MPF is present.

43
Q

M

A

Spindle fibers are properly attached to sister chromatids.

44
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Are two copies of the same DNA (have the same exact sequence).

45
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Are two copies of the same genes, but not necessarily the same sequence (one from mom, one from dad).

46
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromatids separated and pulled to the opposite poles of the cell?

A

Anaphase

47
Q

What can p53 do?

A

Make decisions:
Pause cellular cycle to repair DNA
Initiate apoptosis if cell is too broken

48
Q

What are the characteristics of a cancerous cell?

A

They lack density-dependent inhibition and also anchorage dependency

49
Q

Malignant tumors break…..

A

Both rules (anchorage and density)

50
Q

Mendelian genes

A

One

51
Q

Incomplete dominance genes

A

One

52
Q

Codominance genes

A

One

53
Q

Quantitative traits genes

A

More than one

54
Q

Possible alleles mendelian and incomplete

A

2

55
Q

Possible alleles codominance

A

More than 2

56
Q

Possible alleles wuantitative

A

2 for each gene

57
Q

Types of linkage between genes

A

Sex-linked & autosomal-linked

58
Q

Autosomal-linkage

A

2 different traits/genes located on the same chromosome

59
Q

Autosomal trait

A

Trait determined by a gene not located on a sex chromosome

60
Q

Unlinked genes

A

Genes are not located on the same chromosome

61
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located on the same chromosome

62
Q

Drosophila

A

Linked genes are inherited together

63
Q

Linked genes are an _____ to independent assortment

A

Exception

64
Q

Test cross for linkage

A

Perform dihybrid cross

Take F1 and cross with double mutant

65
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sequence of DNA nucleotides that encode for a specific protein

66
Q

Transcribe

A

To re-write in the same language

67
Q

Translate

A

To re-write in a different language

68
Q

How many different DNA nucleotides are there

A

4

69
Q

How many different amino acids are there

A

20

70
Q

RNA is created in what direction

A

5-3

71
Q

What strand of DNA has the template for RNA

A

the template strand

72
Q

Codons

A

Three bases of DNA/RNA that provide the code for a single amino acid

73
Q

Codons are always written in what direction

A

5-3

74
Q

Redundant

A

All but 2 amino acids are coded for by more than one codon

75
Q

Unambiguous

A

One codon will only code for one amino acid

76
Q

Nearly Universal

A

The same codons code for the same amino acids in all organisms

77
Q

Conservative

A

When multiple codons code for the same amino acids, the first two based are usually the same

78
Q

Every ___ RNA bases form a codon

A

3

79
Q

If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated such that a base were inserted after the first G and the third T were deleted, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutant protein?

A

Two- the second and third codons in the new sequence are different from the original codons

80
Q

If a mutated DNA sequence produces a protein that differs in one central amino acid from the normal protein, which of the following kinds of mutations could have occurred?

A

An addition mutation and a deletion mutation

81
Q

Which mutation(s) would not change the remainder of the reading frame of a gene sequence that follows the mutation(s)?

A

one addition and one deletion mutation

82
Q

Codon

A

Group of three RNA that can specify only one amino acid

83
Q

The fact that all seven of the garden pea traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment means that:

A

All seven pairs of alleles determining these traits behave as if they are on different chromosomes

84
Q

Albinism (lack of skin pigmentation) is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. A man and a woman, both normally pigmented, have an albino child together. For this trait, what is the genotype of the albino child?

A

Homozygous recessive

85
Q

Albinism (lack of skin pigmentation) is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. A man and a woman, both normally pigmented, have an albino child together. The couple decides to have a second child. What is the probability that this child will be albino?

A

1/4

86
Q

Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This indicates:

A

Parents are both heterozygous

87
Q

A dihybrid cross is performed between plants that differ in two Mendelian traits: Stem length (T or t) and flower coloration (R or r). Tall plants are dominant to small plants and red flowers are dominant to white flowers. The parental cross is between a TTRR individual and a ttrr individual. What is the expected ratio of plants in the F2 generation that have tall stems and white flowers?

A

3/16

88
Q

In a cross between parents who both exhibit the dominant curly- and dark-haired traits, one child has straight, light-colored hair. What are the hair genotypes of the parents?

A

CcDd and CcDd

89
Q

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDD?

A

4

90
Q

In genetics, a “test cross” is used to determine the ____ of one of the members of the parental cross.

A

genotype

91
Q

Shell color in turtles is inherited via one gene (with two possible alleles). Homozygous dominant individuals have dark green shells. Homozygous recessive individuals have light yellow shells. Heterozygotes have light green shells that are an intermediate color between both homozygotes. This is an example of:

A

Incomplete dominance

92
Q

Coding strand

A

Strand that runs in the 5 to 3 direction

93
Q

Template strand

A

Strand that runs in the 3 to 5 direction

94
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

Recognizes double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid and synthesizes DNA from that point in a 5’ to 3’ manner

95
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

Removes the RNA primer and lays down DNA nucleotides in its place

96
Q

Primase

A

Lays down short tracks of RNA nucleotides that complementary base-pair with DNA nucleotides

Bio 115 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions