Organelles Flashcards
Which organisms are prokaryotic vs eukaryotic?
Bacteria vs plants, animals, fungi
Most prokaryotic cells are ____
Single-celled
Between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which is more complex?
Eukaryotic cells
What is the DNA configuration of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic—Circular
Eukaryotic—Linear
Cytosol
Jelly-like substance that resides within a cell’s plasma membrane
What does cytosol do?
Assists in chemical reactions such as cellular metabolism
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
No, they have a nucleoid region instead
Nucleus
Organelle that encapsulates the DNA of eukaryotic cells
Nuclear envelope
Double-phospholipid bilayer that makes up the surface of the nucleus
Nucleolus
Darkly stained region within the nucleus; site of RNA production
Ribosomes are composed of….
Proteins and rRNA
What do ribosomes do?
Take information from mRNA and assemble amino acids into protein (translation)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle attached to the nucleus that is composed of stacks of flattened, circular membranes
What does the rough ER do?
Synthesis and packaging of proteins for export to the outside of the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle found directly outside of the rough ER that is composed of the same membranes, not studded with ribosomes
What does the smooth ER do?
Contains enzymes for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis or degradation
Golgi apparatus
Found directly outside ER, composed of same membranes
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Receives vesicles, sorts the contents, and repackages them into a new vesicle
Two sides of the Golgi apparatus
Cis-Receives vesicles
Trans-Ships new vesicles
Lysosome
Product of the golgi apparatus
What do lysosomes do?
Contains up to 40 different enzymes to digest cellular material
Central Vacuole purpose?
-Stores salts, nutrients, etc
-Helps plant growth/structure
-Provides cell with internal support
Lysosomes in plants
Plant membrane used to store water and enzymes for digestion
Peroxisome
Membrane-bound built like a lysosome, but is not a product of the golgi
Peroxisome purpose?
Used for detoxification and energy synthesis in both plants and animals
Mitochondria
Smooth outer membrane, highly folded inner membrane
Mitochondria function?
Produce cellular energy
Cristae
Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Space between the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Thylakoid
Each individual chloroplast membrane
Lumen
Empty space within a thylakoid
Granum
A stack of thylakoids
Stroma
Fluid-filled space between the inner membrane and granum
Cytoskeleton
Structural framework of proteins and other fibers
Microfilaments
Comprised of a twisted chain of actin protein subunits (only two proteins thick)
Microfilament functions?
-Cell division
-Muscle contraction
-Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
Intermediate Filaments
Comprised of keratin proteins arranged in a rope-like configuration
Intermediate filament function?
Adds structural integrity to the cell nucleus, and anchors some cellular organelles into place
Microtubules
Comprised tubulin protein dimers that align themselves in a spiral-like nature
Microtubules function?
Cell division
Centrioles
Non-membranous structures composed of groups of microtubules
Two centrioles will do what to create the centrosome?
Align themselves at 90° angles
Centriole function?
Aid in the assembly and breakdown of cytoskeleton elements
Endomembrane system
-Cell membrane
-Endoplasmic Reticulums
-Golgi Apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Peroxisomes
-Vesicles
How do ribosomes dock with the Rough ER?
-Some remain free floating, others can dock using the ER signal sequence
Phagocytosis
A cell dealing with incoming materials
Kinesin
A motor protein that “walks” along a microtubule track to deliver transport vesicles
Do prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles?
Yes
Which organelle contains enzymes for the synthesis of lipids?
Smooth ER
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing….
Proteins
The membranes that make up the organelles of the endomembrane system are all ___ in morphology.
Similar
Which two organelles possess their own (circular) DNA?
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Endosymbiotic
Two organelles depend on each other for something
Extra Cellular Matrix
Material that hangs off the outside of the plasma membrane; outside of the cell
What is the extra cellular matrix useful for?
Cell-cell communication, allows the body to recognize what type of cell the immune system is dealing with
Do prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles?
Yes
A plant cell has been able to make in a sugar molecule as a food source, but it is still dying of starvation. Which organelle’s malfunction would be responsible for this result?
Central Vacuole
Three days after taking an aspirin for a headache, remnants of the medication are still found within the cells of a patient at the emergency room. This medication is usually metabolized within 6 hours. Which organelle’s malfunction would be responsible for this result?
Peroxisomes
One relationship that exists between ribosomes and lysosomes is
Ribosomes produce enzymes that are used by the lysosomes`
Gap Junctions
Areas between two animal cells where integral proteins line up and allow chemical signals to flow from one cell to another
Plasmodesmata
A break in the cell wall between two plant cells where chemical messages can flow from one cell to another
Tight Junctions
Areas between two animal cells where proteins align and allow for anchorage of one cell to another
