unit 3c study guide Flashcards
What is the term for the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells?
cell cycle
4 main stages of the cell cycle
gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, mitosis
what stages are considered to make up interphase
gap 1 synthesis gap 2
which stage of the cell cycle takes the most time
gap 1
during which phase of the cell cycle does the cell make a copy of its nuclear DNA
synthesis
which phase does the nucleus divide
mitosis
what is the term for the division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
4 other types of eukaryotes in which the cell cycle occurs
plants, animals, fungi, protists
what is the term for the division of prokaryotic cells
binary fission
which is more complex mitosis or binary fission
Mitosis
do all human cells divide at the same rate
no
2 types of cells that rarely or never divide
Neurons, lymphocytes
why do cells have a minimum size
why do cells have a maximum size
Min- must be big enough to contain all of the necessary organelles and molecules.
Max- cannot get to large materials need to be transported easily have have plenty of surface area for gas exchange
what are chromatids
Each chromosome is made of two identical sets of DNA called chromatids
what joins sister chromatids together
centromere
were are telomeres located
ends of chromosomes
what is the purpose of telomeres
they prevent the ends of the chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other
how many cells are produced by one mitotic division
two identical
in what type of cells does mitosis occur
eukaryotic
4 main phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
what occurs during prophase
Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes , this nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form
metaphase
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase
Sister chromatids separate from each other, the spindle fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids away from each other and toward opposite sides of the cell.
telophase
A complete set of identical chromosome is positioned at the pole of each cell. The nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fiber fall apart
difference in cytokinesis animal cell vs plant cell
a: pinches off
p: a cell plate forms down the middle this cell plate becomes part of the cell wall
2 general types of factors that help regulate cell cycles
external/internal
what is the role of growth factors
Broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division/ bind to receptors that activate specific genes to trigger cell growth
apoptosis
Programmed cell death/ occurs when internal or external signals active genes that help to produce self destructive enzymes
what is the term for a class of disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division
cancer
benign tumor and malignant tumor
benign: cancer cells typically remain clustered together/ relatively harmless can be cured by removing them
Malignant: Allow some cancer cells to break away, or metastasize from the tumor
3 negative impacts a tumor may cause
spread cancer, takes up lots of space causing a lot of pressure on surrounding organs, allow cells to metastasize from the tumor
what is a mutation
an error in the gene
role of oncogenes
accelerates the cell cycle
causes of cancer
carcinogens
what is a carcinogen
substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer
a cancer that’s caused by a virus
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
radiation chemo
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