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Biology > 4a > Flashcards

4a Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

somatic
germ

A

somatic-body cells, made up of body’s tissues and organs, DNA is not passed to offspring
germ- found in reproductive organs, develop into gametes, DNA can be passed to offspring

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2
Q

chromosomes in somatic cells

A

46

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3
Q

male gamete
female

A

sperm,egg

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4
Q

human gamete

A

23

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5
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Have copies of the same genes/same length and general appearance

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6
Q

xy

A

male

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7
Q

xx

A

female

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8
Q

what nuclei has more genes

A

x

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9
Q

fusion of egg and sperm cells

A

fertilization

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10
Q

diploid2n haploidn

A

dip- 2 copies of each chromosome
hap- 1 copy of each chromosome

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11
Q

somatic is diploid or haploid

A

diploid

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12
Q

why is it important that gametes are haploid

A

when the sperm and egg fuse together the cell will have 46 chromosomes

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13
Q

what type of division do germ cells undergo in order to produce gametes

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

cells produced by mitosis

A

2 identical daughter cells

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15
Q

cells produced by meiosis

A

4

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16
Q

gametogenesis

A

production of the gametes

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17
Q

polar bodies

A

one of four cells produced by meiosis actually go on to become an egg/the egg will receive most of the organelles the other cells will become polar bodies

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18
Q

why is genetic variation good

A

produces variation in the offspring species can adapt to environments survival advantages a disease or change in environment is less likely to affect all of the individuals in a population

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19
Q

what happens when crossing over occurs during meiosis

A

exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis 1 this results in a new combination of genes

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20
Q

gene linkage

A

genes located close together tend to be inherited together

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21
Q

what must happen before able to reproduce

A

puberty

22
Q

were are human egg cells produced

A

ovaries

23
Q

what is the main female hormone that controls reproduction

A

estrogen

24
Q

what happens to a human egg once it leaves an ovary

A

enters the fallopian tube

25
Q

in what organ will a fertilized egg develop into a baby

A

uterus

26
Q

were are human sperm produced

A

testicles

27
Q

what is the main male hormone that controls reproduction

A

testosterone

28
Q

what is the term for the cell that forms when an egg and sperm unite

A

zygote

29
Q

fluid filled sac that protects a developing embryo

A

amniotic sac

30
Q

placenta

A

connects the mother and the embryo/ allows exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

31
Q

how are the embryo and placenta connected

A

umbilica cord

32
Q

pregnancy lasts

A

9 months

33
Q

stages of pregnancy

A

trimester 1 2 3

34
Q

Challenging for scientists to study DNA

A

DNA is a very large molecule far to small to see

35
Q

cut up DNA into manageable sections

A

enzymes

36
Q

restriction map

A

show the lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites in a strand of DNA

37
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

a technique that produces millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence in just a few hours

38
Q

uses DNA fingerprinting

A

solving crimes/prove family relations/study biodiversity

39
Q

clone

A

a genetically identical copy of a gene or an entire organism

40
Q

bacteria that reproduce via binary fission clones of each other

A

bacteria produce identical genetic copies of themselves through binary fission

41
Q

issues of cloning mammals

A

typically unhealthy
age quick
environmental factors cause genes to be expressed in different ways, controversial

42
Q

why is genetic engineering possible

A

all organisms share the same basic nucleotides

43
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA that contains genes from more than one organism

44
Q

transgenic

A

one or more genes from another organism is inserted into its genome

45
Q

issues with genetically modified plants

A

not a lot of research/ genes may cause allergic reactions/ negative impacts to the environment

46
Q

genome

A

organisms genetic information

47
Q

genomics

A

study of genomes

48
Q

Human genome project

A

Mapped and sequenced all the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes/ identifies all genes within the sequence

49
Q

genetic screening controversial

A

create tension within a family because of the results can reveal information about other family members in addition to the person who is tested

50
Q

gene therapy

A

the replacement of a defective or missing gene or the addition of a new gene into a persons genome in order to treat a disease/ the goal is the add the gene to the correct cells and to get the gene to become part of the cells DNA

Biology (18 decks)

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