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HEMA 1 LEC > Unit 3.6 PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATION IN HEMATOLOGY > Flashcards

Unit 3.6 PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATION IN HEMATOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the use of laboratory instruments and processing equipment to perform clinical laboratory assays with only minimal involvement of the medical technologist

A

Automation

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2
Q

2 Classic automated methods for counting cells

A
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3
Q

Coulter Counter

A

Electronic Impedance/Resistance

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4
Q

Technicon Autoanalyzer; Ortho Diagnostic; Fisher Autocytometer

A

Optical Detection/Light Scattering

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5
Q

The Basic Components Common to Most Hematology Analyzers

A
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6
Q

includes the aspirating unit, dispensers, dilutors, mixing chambers, aperture baths, and/or flow cells, and hemoglobinometer

A

Hydraulics

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7
Q

Vacuum and pressures for operating values and moving the sample through the system

A

Pneumatics

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8
Q

Electronic analyzers and computing circuitry for processing data

A

Electrical systems

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9
Q

Blood is diluted in an isotonic solution and drawn through an aperture.

A

ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE

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10
Q

Since cells are nonconductive, the passage of cell through the aperture increases the resistance (impedance) of the electrical path between 2 electrodes that are located on each side of the aperture.

A

ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE

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11
Q

Changes in electrical resistance are counted as

A

voltage pulses.

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12
Q

Number of Voltage pulses is directly proportional to the

A

number of cells/cell cou nt.

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13
Q

Amplitude/height/size of the pulse is directly proportional to the

A

volume of the cell

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14
Q

a diluted blood specimen passes through a steady stream through which a beam of LASER light is focused.

A

LIGHT SCATTERING

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15
Q

As each cell passes through the s ensing zone, it scatters light. Scattered light is converted into an electrical pulse.

A

LIGHT SCATTERING

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16
Q

LIGHT SCATTERING

Number of pulses is directly proportional to

A

cell count

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17
Q

LIGHT SCATTERING

Patterns of scatter are measured at various angles to obtain information on the

A

cell structure.

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18
Q

Dilutions :
WBC= (?) (usual dilution, but may vary among manufacturers)
RBC=

A

1:500
1:50,000

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19
Q

graphic representation of cell size versus cell frequency

A

HISTOGRAMS:

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20
Q

produced in RBC, WBC & platelet measurements

A

HISTOGRAMS:

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21
Q

Derived from the histogram are

A

blood Indices as well as WBC differential

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22
Q

RBC histogram:

A

36 360 fL

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23
Q

It IS where MCV & RDW are derived

A

RBC Histogram

24
Q

Histogram appears (?) when cell population is (?) if there is more variation in the size of the cell

A

SYMMETRICAL/Gaussian shape

homogenous WIDER or FLATTENED shape

25
Q

Platelet histogram:

A

2 - 20 fL

26
Q

Where MPV & PDW are derived

A

PLATELET Histogram

27
Q

(used in the 3-parameter Differential count)

A

WBC Histogram

28
Q

WBC Populations on the histogram
35 - 90 fL:
90 - 160 fL:
160 - 450 fL:

A

Lymphocytes

Mononuclears (Mid cells) - (Monocytes, Promyelocytes,
Myelocytes, Blasts)

Granulocytes - (Mature WBC, Blasts, Metamyelocyte, Bands)

29
Q

a visual display of 2-cell characteristics such as internal cell complexity and relative size

A

SCATTERGRAM / CYTOGRAM / DOT PLOTS

30
Q

It is used in the 5-part automated differential.

A

SCATTERGRAM / CYTOGRAM / DOT PLOTS

31
Q

SCATTERGRAM / CYTOGRAM / DOT PLOTS

Cytochemical stains
Peroxidase:
Alcian blue/Toluidine blue:
Lipase/Esterase:

A

PMN & other cells

basophil

monocytes

32
Q

What are the indications of histograms with left elevation? with right elevation?

A
33
Q

What are the bases of separation of cells in a scattergram? _________________________ _________________________

A
34
Q

WBCs are differentiated into 5 traditional categories

A
35
Q

Cyanmethemoglobin principle

A

HEMOGLOBIN

36
Q

HEMOGLOBIN

At what wavelength? ________

A
37
Q

Indirect method (calculated)

A

HEMATOCRIT

38
Q

HEMATOCRIT

What is the formula? ________

A
39
Q

MCH & MCHC are calculated from measure & derived values
RDW

A

INDICES

40
Q

From where is RDW derived? ________

A

INDICES

41
Q

Aperture plugs

A

Causes of POSITIVE errors

42
Q

Extraneous electrical pulses (improperly grounded or shielded equipment)

A

Causes of POSITIVE errors

43
Q

Bubbles in the sample (vigorous mixing)

A

Causes of POSITIVE errors

44
Q

Improper setting of aperture current or threshold

A

Causes of POSITIVE errors

45
Q

Agglutinated red cells or platelets

A

Causes of POSITIVE errors

46
Q

Excessive lysing of RBCs

A

Causes of NEGATIVE errors

47
Q

Improper setting of aperture current or threshold

A

Causes of NEGATIVE errors

48
Q

Agglutination of RBCs, WBCs or platelets

A

Causes of NEGATIVE errors

49
Q

a quality control check in which the averages of the MCV, MCH, MCHC are tracked for batches of 20 patients

A

XB

50
Q

Patients test results are compared to his previous results

A

Delta Checks

51
Q

: suggest cells types/abnormalities

A

Flags

52
Q

indicate investigation before final reporting.

A

Flags

53
Q

What are the causes of falsely increases and falsely decreased automated cell counts? – RBC, WBC & Platelets (Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods)

A
54
Q

What conditions may affect automated hemoglobin measurement? Explain each

A
55
Q

(What are the indications for)/When should we perform a manual peripheral blood smear review?

A

HEMA 1 LEC (15 decks)

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