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HEMA 1 LEC > Chapter 2 - HEMATOPOIESIS > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - HEMATOPOIESIS Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the formation and development of blood cells.

A

Hematopoiesis

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2
Q

It is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

These processes result in the formation, development, and specialization of all of the functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow to the circulation.

A

Hematopoiesis

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4
Q

During embryonic and fetal development, hematopoiesis occurs in the (?) then in the (?) (also in the spleen and thymus).

A

yolk sac
liver

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5
Q

In normal adults, hematopoiesis occurs mostly in the (?).

A

bone marrow and peripheral lymphatic tissues

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6
Q

PHASES of HEMATOPOIESIS

A

A. INTRAUTERINE PHASE
B. EXTRAUTERINE PHASE

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7
Q

A. INTRAUTERINE PHASE:

A
  1. Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase
  2. Hepatic Phase
  3. Myeloid / Medullary Phase
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8
Q

Chief site: yolk sac

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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9
Q

Primitive RBC (megaloblas of Ehrlich) first develop within the blood island followed by leukopoiesis & megakaryopoiesis

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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10
Q

Embryonal hemoglobins are synthesized during this phase.

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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11
Q

This phase starts on the 3rd month of fetal life

A

Hepatic Phase

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12
Q

Chief site: Liver

A

Hepatic Phase

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13
Q

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is synthesized during this phase

A

Hepatic Phase

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14
Q

Chief site: Bone Marrow

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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15
Q

This starts on the 5th month of fetal life. It increases during the last trimester and remains the chief site at birth.

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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16
Q

Production of adult hemoglobins (HbA) starts during this phase

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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17
Q

B. EXTRAUTERINE PHASE

A
  1. Myeloid / Medullary Phase
  2. Extramedullary hematopoiesis
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18
Q

First 3 weeks postpartum, the bone marrow becomes the only normal site of blood cell production

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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19
Q

Red marrow is present in all fetal skeletal structures, until the age of 2 - 3 years

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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20
Q

Fourth year: Rate of BM growth exceeds need for blood cells resulting to the replacement of active marrow space by areas of fatty reserves. marrow space by areas of fatty reserves.

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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21
Q

Locations of red marrow
Children:
18 years and older:

A

skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebra, pelvis & long bones
skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebra, pelvis & at the proximal ends of long bones

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22
Q

Occurs normally and in certain disease states when the BM is unable to produce sufficient numbers of hematopoietic cells.

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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23
Q

Liver and Spleen

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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24
Q

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF BLOOD CELLS

A
  1. Monophyletic / Unitarian Theory
  2. Polyphyletic Theory
  3. Complete Theory
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25
Q

states that blood cells come from one stem cell which is totipotent, giving rise to any series of cell types.

A

Monophyletic / Unitarian Theory

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26
Q

states that there are two to three cell origins. There is a separate and distinct stem cell compartment

A

Polyphyletic Theory

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27
Q

Polyphyletic Theory Sub-theories:

A

a. Dualistic
b. Trialistic

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28
Q

Lymphoblast and myeloblast

A

a. Dualistic

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29
Q

Reticuloendothelial cells give rise to monocytes

A

b. Trialistic

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30
Q

believes that there is a separate stem cell for each cell series

A

Complete Theory

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31
Q

STEM CELLS PRODUCED BY THE BONE MARROW:

A

Hemohistioblast
Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)

32
Q

one single fixed multipotent stem cell that gives rise to tissue and to blood cells.

A

Hemohistioblast

33
Q

Present in small numbers (constant) in the BM

A

Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)

34
Q

Not morphologically identifiable

A

Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)

35
Q

Has the ability to reproduce and differentiate

A

Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)

36
Q

Proteins that regulate the production of blood cells.

A

GROWTH FACTORS

37
Q

These include cytokines and hormones

A

GROWTH FACTORS

38
Q

: stem cell factor or steel factor

A

Kit Ligand (KL)

39
Q
  • stimulates myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid progenitors
A

Kit Ligand (KL)

40
Q

: primitive progenitor cells

A

Flt-3 Ligand (FL)

41
Q

Granulocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells

42
Q

Increase erythroid precursors

A

Erythropoietin

43
Q

Accelerates rate of proliferation and maturation

A

Erythropoietin

44
Q

Accelerates release from the BM to the PB

A

Erythropoietin

45
Q

Megakaryocytes (paltelets)

A

Thrombopoietin

46
Q

: These are cell surface proteins that used in the recognition of lineage/differentiation

A

ANTIGENIC MARKERS

47
Q

Stem cell marker (lymphoid and myeloid precursor)

48
Q

Lymphoid, pan T cells

49
Q

Pan myeloid cells

50
Q

Helper/inducer T cells

51
Q

Pan myeloid

52
Q

Suppressor/cytotoxic T cells

53
Q

Monocytes

A

CD11c, CD14

54
Q

Lymphoid, pan B cells

A

CD10, CD19, CD20

55
Q

Erythroid

56
Q

NK cells

A

CD16, CD56

57
Q

Release of RBCs is promoted by

A

erythropoietin, hypoxia, cells stage of maturation (reticulocyte) and the pressure exerted by the intramarrow growth of cells.

58
Q

WBCs leave the bone marrow through (?) while platelets are released to the circulation through (?)

A

chemotaxis
platelet shedding

59
Q

CHANGES DURING NORMAL BLOOD CELL MATURATION:
Cell size:
Nuclear/Cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio:

60
Q

CHANGES DURING NORMAL BLOOD CELL MATURATION:
Basophilia:
Amount/size:
In some cells, some cytoplasmic constituents are produced

A

gradually decreases
increases

61
Q

CHANGES DURING NORMAL BLOOD CELL MATURATION:
Nucleus
Size:
Nuclear chromatin:
Number of nucleoli:
Staining:

A

decreases
becomes more coarse & clumped
decreases
from reddish to bluish-purple

62
Q

Factors affecting RBC production

A

Growth Factors; Hormones (Androgenic hormones; Prostaglandins) Vitamins & Minerals : Folic acid, Vitamin B12, Co, Mn, Zn, Vit C, E, B6, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid : Iron, Copper, Proteins

63
Q

Nucleus: 3 4 lobes (connected by threadlike filament)

A

SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL

64
Q

SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL

Function: defense against infections: PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Respiratory burst

65
Q

Resemble basophils, but larger in size

A

MAST CELLS

66
Q

Has the same function as basophils

A

MAST CELLS

67
Q

Contains proteolytic enzymes and serotonin, histamine & heparin

A

MAST CELLS

68
Q

MONOCYTE

Granules:

A

ACP, B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase, peroxidase

69
Q

MONOCYTE

Lifespan: circulation (?) — tissues (Macrophage)

70
Q

Tissue counterpart of the blood monocyte; Larger than monocyte

A

MACROPHAGE

71
Q

long-lived lymphocytes

A

(4 - 10 yrs) 78 - 89%

72
Q

short-lived lymphocytes

A

(3 - 4 days) 11 - 12%

73
Q

Recognition & lysis of tumor cells

74
Q

Regulation of hematopoiesis & Immune regulation

75
Q

Destruction of Ab-coated cells

A

Killer cells

76
Q

with smaller but more numerous granules that are less watersoluble.

A

MAST CELLS

HEMA 1 LEC (15 decks)

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