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Biology 1108 > Unit 3 - Sonoran Intro, Water Transport & RGR/WUE > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Sonoran Intro, Water Transport & RGR/WUE Flashcards

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1
Q

What are examples of structure and function in this unit?

A

structure: leaves/plants/communities/ecosystems
function: photosynthesis, energy allocation, biodiversity

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2
Q

Where is water the most stressful in the US?

A

Southwest

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3
Q

In what two main ways does the distribution of precipitation change?

A

(1) spatially - WHERE
(2) temporally - WHEN

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4
Q

Does rain become more/less frequent & more/less intense with climate change?

A

less frequent; more intense

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5
Q

What happens with rain storms with climate change?

A

more floods and droughts

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6
Q

Is there more or less snow with climate change?

A

less

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7
Q

What is the difference between global average and flat areas with regards to species migration?

A

flat areas tend to be higher because animals/plants have to move way further than if mountains were available; its harder to move poleward than up

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8
Q

For every 1 degree C increase in average temperature, how far must a tree migrate upward compared to poleward?

A

upward: 175 m
poleward: 103 to 145 km (much larger distance)

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9
Q

What is the relationship between RCP and migration speed?

A

direct; higher RCP = higher migration to keep up with envelopes

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10
Q

Under which RCP emissions scenario would most plants be fine?

A

RCP 2.6

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11
Q

What are two options to help species that can’t keep up with their envelopes?

A

(1) let “nature” take its course - some species will migrate fast & others won’t
(2) step in to help plants and animals move faster - ASSISTED MIGRATION

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12
Q

definition: move plants and animals to places where we think they will be able to survive in the future to “speed up” their migration

A

assisted migration

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13
Q

What is currently happening with climate change (temperature) in the Sonoran Desert?

A

temperature is going UP

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14
Q

What is currently happening with climate change (rainfall) in the Sonoran Desert?

A

rainfall is going DOWN

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15
Q

What are some pros of assisted migration?

A

-increase/maintain biodiversity
-prevents extinction of species
-prevent negative ripple effects to a food chain
-ecosystem services

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16
Q

What are some cons of assisted migration?

A

-may put organism in the wrong spot
-genetic/bottleneck effect
-organism may not have proper resources in new location
-competition
-invasive species
-proper timing of move

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17
Q

What is the baseline for converting degrees C to F?

A

25 C = 75 F

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18
Q

How do temperature and rainfall change throughout the year in the Sonoran desert?

A

both fluctuate
high temps: may-september
high rainfall: jan-mar, July-august

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19
Q

What are the wettest months in the Sonoran Desert?

A

march and august

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20
Q

What are the driest months in the Sonoran Desert?

A

June

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21
Q

What is the problem with growing plants in the summer and spring?

A

summer: although it might be wet enough, it is too hot 95 degrees F and will evaporate immediately
spring: too dry/little rainfall

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22
Q

When is the best growing season for plants in the SD, especially annuals?

A

winter

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23
Q

What is the type of plant that grows, sets seed, and dies in a single growing season?

A

annual

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24
Q

What are the 3 main species we study that survive extremes in the SD?

A

(1) saguaro cactus (perennial)
(2) wildflower (annual)
(3) mesquite shrub (perennial)

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25
Q

How much of the Earth’s biomass do plants make up? Bacteria? Fungus? Animals? Archae?

A

plants: 80%
bacteria: 13%
fungus: 2%
animals: 0.36%
Archaea: 1.3%

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26
Q

How much of the Earth’s biomass do humans make up?

A

0.01%

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27
Q

What molecule (not atom) makes up most of a plant’s biomass?

A

cellulose

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28
Q

What is the molecule that makes up cell walls, is a carbohydrate, & made from the sugar that is a product of photosynthesis?

A

cellulose

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29
Q

Where does the C in cellulose in a plant come from, air or soil?

A

air

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30
Q

What can prove that plants get their C from the air?

A

Van Helmont’s Experiment (1600s)

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31
Q

Describe the basics of Van Helmont’s experiment.

A

(1) weighed out 200 lbs of dirt & planted a 5 lb tree in it for 5 years
(2) What happened to the soil? BARELY changed; 200 lbs–>199lbs
(3) What happened to the weight of willow tree? grew massively; 5 lbs–> 169 lbs (but it didn’t get its biomass from the soil so must have gotten it some other way – air!)

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32
Q

What makes up the shoot system of a plant? Root system?

A

shoot: flower, leaf, fruit, stem
root: root

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33
Q

What plant organ obtains water?

A

roots

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34
Q

What plant organ creates or obtains Carbon/sugar?

A

leaf

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35
Q

What plant organ collects light?

A

leaf

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36
Q

If you want to be able to grow fast (cellulose needed), where should you allocate all of your resources?

A

LEAVES

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37
Q

If its dry, where do you want to allocate your resources?

A

roots (need water to be absorbed from soil)

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38
Q

Why is water important for plants? (2 reasons)

A

(1) photosynthesis reactant
(2) plant structure

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39
Q

definition: created when the vacuole, full of water, exerts outward pressure on the cell wall

A

turgor pressure

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40
Q

When vacuoles are full of water, what is turgor pressure like?

A

very high

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41
Q

When vacuoles are lacking water, what is turgor pressure like?

A

very low

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42
Q

A rigid plant is described as _____ and wilted plant as ______.

A

turgid; flaccid

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43
Q

In a ____ cell, water flows into cell by osmosis and makes the vacuole swell & push against the cell wall.

A

turgid

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44
Q

What is the concentration of solute and solvent like INSIDE a turgid cell?

A

solute: high
solvent (H2O): low

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45
Q

In a ____ cell, water flows out of the cell & the vacuole shrinks, making the cell lose shape.

A

flaccid

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46
Q

What is the basic reaction for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + water + light/ATP –> Glucose (sugar) + O2

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47
Q

What two characteristics of water help a plant to stand up?

A

(1) turgor pressure
(2) osmosis

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48
Q

What is the concentration of solute and solvent like INSIDE a flaccid cell?

A

solute: low
solvent: high

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49
Q

______: the diffusion of water

A

osmosis

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50
Q

_____: the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration to establish an equilibrium

A

diffusion

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51
Q

OSMOSIS-movement of WATER molecules from _____ to ______ water concentration.

A

high to low

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52
Q

What type of membrane does osmosis take place across?

A

semipermeable (only water moves)

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53
Q

What are similarities between diffusion and osmosis?

A

movement from high to low concentration

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54
Q

What is unique to diffusion?

A

-BOTH solute and solvent move
-movement of molecules
-doesn’t involve energy/ATP

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55
Q

What is unique to osmosis?

A

-ONLY solvent moves (most likely water)
-semipermeable membrane involved
-focuses on concentration of water

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56
Q

definition: a process by which water molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution (more dilute) into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing concentration on each side of the membrane

A

osmosis

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57
Q

Water concentration moves from high to low or from ____ to highly _____ solutions.

A

dilute; concentrated

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58
Q

Where does water enter a plant? Where does it leave?

A

enter: roots
leave: leaves (stomata)

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59
Q

How does a redwood move thousands of gallons of water up to its leaves EVERYDAY?

A

by using its transport system containing the vascular tissues Xylem and Phloem

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60
Q

Why do leaves need water?

A

for photosynthesis

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61
Q

What specific vascular tissue carries dissolved nutrients, hormones, sugars, etc. around a plant in any direction - using osmosis?

A

Phloem

62
Q

What specific vascular tissue carries water through hollow “dead” cells from roots to leaves ONLY?

A

Xylem

63
Q

Xylem is one _____ and water only flows ___.

A

directional; UP

64
Q

Xylem Tissue participates in _____ water transport using what 2 processes?

A

passive; cohesion & adhesion

65
Q

definition: process where water molecules stick to other water molecules (Hydrogen bonds)

A

cohesion

66
Q

definition: process where water sticks to other molecules, such as cellulose

A

adhesion

67
Q

What are Hydrogen bonds?

A

partially positive charged H that is attracted to partially negative charges of O

68
Q

What type of bonds facilitation adhesion and cohesion?

A

H bonds

69
Q

Does the xylem extend into the leaves of a plant?

A

yes

70
Q

Where does water become water vapor?

A

in the spaces between guard cells (stoma)

71
Q

Why does water need to become water vapor?

A

so it can enter cells for photosynthesis

72
Q

Once water moves up plant, what fills spaces in leaves and why?

A

water vapor; so photosynthesis can access it

73
Q

On what side of a leaf are stomata normally found?

A

underside

74
Q

Water and sugar transport in the vein includes what type of tissue?

A

vascular

75
Q

What happens every time water escapes from stomata?

A

negative pressure is created

76
Q

What is responsible for water moving UP from the roots to the leaves of a plant through the XYLEM?

A

pulling up creates NEGATIVE pressure, forcing water to move up tree where there is low pressure

77
Q

What word/process is Phloem mainly associated with?

A

osmosis

78
Q

What word/process is Xylem mainly associated with?

A

negative pressure

79
Q

What are the gaps that open and close and allow gases to enter and exit leaves?

A

stomata

80
Q

What gases do plants need?

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

81
Q

What gases do plants need to get rid of?

A

Oxygen (O2)

82
Q

Why do plants need to get rid of Oxygen?

A

Oxygen in high concentrations in leaves is toxic

83
Q

What is the constant gas exchange?

A

CO2 always coming in (photosynthesis) & O2 always going out

84
Q

Why is constant gas exchange ideal?

A

CO2 needs to come in for photosynthesis to take place and O2 needs to leave before it builds up to be toxic

85
Q

What is the tradeoff of gas exchange in stomata?

A

water vapor loss for CO2/O2 gas exchange

86
Q

When is the tradeoff of gas exchange not a problem anymore?

A

when water is plentiful

87
Q

Under what conditions are stomata open?

A

when water is abundant (guard cells turgid)

88
Q

Under what conditions are stomata closed?

A

when water is scarce (guard cells flaccid)

89
Q

What is an automatic way for plants to stop water loss?

A

close their stomata (stops gas exchange)

90
Q

When does the stomata gap start to seal up?

A

as soon as cells start to lose turgor pressure, deflate, and lose water

91
Q

What will happen to stomata if there is an unlimited supply of water for a plant?

A

they will stay open and not worry about the tradeoff from gas exchange

92
Q

What would happen if stomata never opened?

A

no photosynthesis would take place & there would be O2 toxicity; this is why plants grow slower when its dry (but more water conserved)

93
Q

What is another way to open and close stomata?

A

forcing stomata to open using hormones and ion flow

94
Q

If plants risk growing fast by undergoing lots of gas exchange, what might happen?

A

they might run out of water

95
Q

If plants risk growing slow with little gas exchange, what might happen?

A

they might get out-competed by faster growing plants

96
Q

What does the rate of H2O loss from a leaf depend on?

A

how fast water transpires depends on the gradient

97
Q

Does water always escape at the same rate from a leaf?

A

no, it depends on the gradient

98
Q

Does a smaller gradient (smaller difference between two environments), lead to slower or faster diffusion?

A

slower diffusion (ex: when air outside is humid)

99
Q

Does a larger gradient (large difference between inside & outside environments), lead to slower or faster diffusion?

A

faster diffusion (ex: when air outside is dry)

100
Q

What does the rate of water loss depend on?

A

depends on outside environment & the gradient

101
Q

What does the rate of H2O loss from stomata depend on?

A

the difference in gradients inside and outside

102
Q

Larger gradient = ______ diffusion. Smaller gradient = _______ diffusion.

A

faster; slower

103
Q

What is the main gas that enters a stomata? Exits?

A

enters: CO2
exits: water vapor and O2

104
Q

Under what environmental conditions will a plant wilt faster? (think weather conditions - if you need to dry your clothes quickly, what conditions would speed that up)

A

-higher temperature
-more wind
-low humidity
-high surface area

105
Q

What are 4 factors affecting the rate of evaporation?

A

(1) temperature
(2) wind
(3) surface area (# of stomata or leaf area)
(4) humidity

106
Q

definition: evaporation from plants

A

transpiration

107
Q

How does increased temperature speed up water loss?

A

higher rates of evaporation

108
Q

How does increased wind speed up water loss?

A

-water vapor escaping a leaf can form a boundary layer of humid air around the leaf if no wind is present (smaller gradient & slower diffusion)
-a windy day will blow water vapor away from the leaf replacing it with new, dry air (larger gradient = faster diffusion)

109
Q

How does low humidity speed up water loss?

A

-more water vapor in hot air
-with low humidity, there is faster transpiration due to a larger gradient

110
Q

How does increased surface area speed up water loss?

A

more leaf area = more stomata = faster/more ways to lose water

111
Q

How does the total amount of water transpired from a plant differ from the rate of H2O loss?

A

total amount of water transpired depends on the amount of TIME stomata are open and the rate of H2O loss

112
Q

Describe a scenario in plants that would transpire the most amount of water:

A

-a hot, dry, windy day
-wet soil–> if plants have access to water in the soil, this will ensure that stomata stay open (high turgor pressure)

113
Q

In normal conditions, an increase in photosynthetic rate is correlated with which of the following?
(a) reduced transpiration
(b) lower glucose production
(c) more plant growth
(d) more CO2 production

A

(c) more plant growth because the more glucose produced = more food = increased growth
-if there is lots of photosynthesis going on, this means that stomata are open so there is increased transpiration

114
Q

How are photosynthetic and transpiration rates related?

A

directly

115
Q

Maximum photosynthetic rate for a plant ca n be (directly) increased by increasing what?
(a) root production
(b) leaf area
(c) height
(d) seed production

A

(b) leaf area

116
Q

Even though high leaf area means high maximum photosynthetic rate and high maximum growth rate as a result, what is the drawback of having high leaf area?

A

high transpiration = bigger leaves = more stomata = plenty of water loss

117
Q

Do plants in the Sonora desert likely have large or small leaf area?

A

small leaves & fewer leaves overall to limit water loss from stomata

118
Q

definition: live their whole lifecycle from seed to seed in one year

A

annuals

119
Q

How can winter annuals survive living in a place that gets so little rain, so infrequently?

A

(1) when it does rain, grow really fast & hope you don’t dry out before you produce seeds
(2) limit how much water you lose and try to get through your lifecycle slowly, but steadily

120
Q

What are the two main strategies & goals winter annuals use to survive in the desert?

A

(1) growing really fast when it rains (goal: to produce seeds)
(2) conserve water and grow slowly (goal: to survive)

121
Q

What two things allow us to measure the tradeoff between the 2 strategies winter annuals use>

A

(1) relative growth rate (RGR)
(2) water-use efficiency (WUE)

122
Q

What term represents biomass gained / time?

A

relative growth rate (RGR)

123
Q

What term represents carbon gained (growth) / water lost?

A

water use efficiency (WUE)

124
Q

Describe the analogy for the Sonoran Desert.

A

Prius vs Porsche
-both run and consume gas, but one is built for speed and the other is built for fuel conservation–has to do with how engine is built
High WUE vs High RGR
-both grow and both will lose water, but one is built for speed and the other is for water conservation (MPG = WUE)

125
Q

What type of species is really efficient at growing with only a little bit of water (high/low WUE)?

A

High WUE

126
Q

_____ WUE conserves water and ____ WUE loses water quickly.

A

high; low

127
Q

Why can’t you be high in both RGR and WUE?

A

what gives a plants high RGR –> lots of large leaves leaves (because of photosynthesis) leads to lower water conservation (low WUE)

128
Q

What gives a plant high RGR?

A

leaves! leaves maximize photosynthetic area = more sugar = more cellulose = more growth

129
Q

What will lots of leaves mean for conservation of water?

A

BAD –> large leaves = lots of stomata = more water loss

130
Q

How are WUE and RGR related?

A

inversely related

131
Q

Do all winter annuals have similar WUE?

A

no, they vary between low–> high WUE

132
Q

What does the negative relationship between WUE and RGR ultimately suggest?

A

fast growers = water wasters
slow growers = water conservers

133
Q

What car in the analogy has high RGR but low WUE?

A

porsche

134
Q

What car in analogy has low RGR but high WUE?

A

Prius

135
Q

What is the tradeoff with RGR and WUE?

A

rapid growth vs. drought tolerance

136
Q

What is the relationship between RGR and leaf area ratio (leaf area / plant biomass)?

A

positive/direct

137
Q

Describe winter precipitation in the Sonoran Desert:

A

-varies interannually
-very unpredictable
-some years really dry and some really wet

138
Q

What is the major result of winter precipitation being so variable and unpredictable in the Sonoran desert?

A

drastic shifts in plant growth ad established plant species from year to year

139
Q

Describe rainfall events by SIZE in the Sonora Desert.

A

-large rain events (storms)–> quite rare
-small rain events (<2mm rain)–> quite frequent

140
Q

______ rainfall event: a little rain, soil dries fairly quick, but another one might be around soon.

A

small

141
Q

_____ rainfall event: soil stays wet for longer so there’s more water around all at once to be taken advantage of.

A

large

142
Q

What species high WUE or RGR thrives in small rainfall events? Why?

A

high WUE - these plants capable of conserving water can just grow a little bit and then wait for the next rainfall event

143
Q

What species high WUE or RGR thrives more in large rainfall events? Why?

A

high RGR - can use water and grow as tall as they need before all the water runs out even though they aren’t conserving water particularly well

144
Q

Does high RGR species show more carbon gain & plant growth in small or large rainfall events?

A

large

145
Q

Does high WUE species show more carbon gain & plant growth in small or large rainfall events?

A

large

146
Q

What plant species type will win most of the time with regards to rainfall events?

A

high WUE species because smaller rain events are much more common

147
Q

What kinds of weather will favor high WUE vs high RGR species?

A

small rain events: high WUE
large rain events: high RGR

148
Q

Which type of species (high WUE or high RGR) will experience more variation in population size/growth from year to year? Why?

A

high RGR because they rely on large rain events which are infrequent and unpredictable

149
Q

Is one strategy always best with RGR and WUE?

A

no, there are years where high RGR species have high fitness, High WUE species have high fitness, where all plants do poorly, and where all plants do well

150
Q

What determines a winner from year to year?

A

higher fitness = more offspring/seeds

151
Q

When there is so little water, how do so many species persist in the Sonoran (How is biodiversity so high?)

A

environmental variability

152
Q

How does environmental variability lead to high biodiversity in SD?

A

change in environment from year to year results in different species surviving at different times

Biology 1108 (12 decks)

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