Unit 1 - MSH - Bonds, Proteins, Nutrient Limitation, & Species Interactions Flashcards
definition: how tightly an atom holds onto its electrons
electronegativity
What is the type of bond based on?
relative amount of time electrons spend around involved atoms
What influences the amount of time electrons spend around involved atoms?
electronegativity
definition: tendency of an atom participating in a covalent bond to hold onto the electrons
electronegativity
What type of bond involved a PERMANENT attraction between ions?
ionic bond
What type of bond involves WHOLE charged particles (+1/-1)?
ionic
What type of bond involves atoms that SHARE a pair of electrons?
covalent
What holds two atoms together in a covalent bond?
their codependency with their shared electrons / low energy state
What comes about due to the differences in electronegativity of atoms?
polarity
In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared equally?
non polar covalent
What is the typical electronegativity difference between atoms with a non polar covalent bond?
less than or equal to 0.4
In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared unevenly?
polar covalent
What type of bond has partial positive and partial negative charges on its atoms?
polar covalent
What is the typical electronegativity difference between atoms with a polar covalent bond?
0.4-2.0
What type of bond involves the transfer of an electron?
ionic bond
What is the typical electronegativity difference between ions in an ionic bond?
2.0-4.0
What causes there to be partial negative and partial positive charges within a polar molecule?
unequal distribution of electrons
What type of bonds are amino acids chains held together with in their secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds
What are non-covalent interactions termed as?
intermolecular forces
Are IMFs formed between or within molecules?
between
Are IMFs permanent or temporary forces?
temporary
What consists of a Hydrogen bond?
between a partially positive H atom on one molecule that attracts to a partially negative O, N, or F in another molecule
What properties are IMFs very important for?
(1) water cohesion
(2) surface tension
What are some of the stronger interactions between polar molecules?
dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding
What are some of the weaker interactions between non polar molecules?
Van der Waals, dipole-induced dipole, hydrophobic attractions, London dispersion forces
What 2 things ultimately determine protein shape?
(1) type of bond
(2) IMF
What type of bonds does the primary protein structure consist of?
peptide (C-N covalent) bonds
What type of bonds does secondary structure consist of?
Hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids
What type of bonds does tertiary structure consist of?
IMFs (hydrogen bonds, van Der Waals, etc), covalent bonds (disulfide bridge), and ionic bonds
What type of bonds does quaternary structure consist of?
IMFs (hydrogen bonds, van Der Waals, etc), covalent bonds (disulfide bridge), and ionic bonds
What happens when there is a mutation with regards to protein stages?
new amino acid sequence (1 degree structure)
What law explains limiting resources with regards to MSH?
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
How does Liebig’s Law of the Minimum apply to individuals?
individuals will grow only up to the point it runs out of a vital resource, even if there are surpluses in other categories
How does Liebig’s Law of the Minimum apply to populations?
populations will only grow up to the point that they run out of a vital resource
What is the main caveat to Liebig’s Law of the Minimum?
only works for organisms with indeterminate growth - no maximum size - or at a size where there are no limits on size
What are some important assumptions for Liebig’s Law of the Minimum?
(1) only one limiting resource at a time (one has to be lowest)
(2) too much of a nutrient isn’t harmful
(3) ignore realistic size limitations for organisms
What’s limiting in the MSH soils? In what forms?
Nitrogen; ammonium and nitrate
Why do we ignore the lack of organic Carbon in the MSH soil?
plants take in Carbon through the air (CO2), not through their roots in the soil