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Biology 1108 > Unit 2 - Thermoregulation, Metabolism, Energy & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Thermoregulation, Metabolism, Energy & Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of structure

A

tissues / food webs

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2
Q

examples of function

A

thermoregulation / ecosystem stability

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3
Q

subcategories of physiology

A

bioenergetics and thermoregulation

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4
Q

subcategories of populations and communities

A

predator-prey interactions and population cycles

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5
Q

subcategories of ecosystems

A

food webs, climate change, ocean acidification, trophic cascades

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6
Q

How many feet can kelp grow a day?

A

2 feet

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7
Q

Kelp convergently evolved a ____-like body plan.

A

plant

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8
Q

Kelp are _______.

A

macro algae

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9
Q

What are some abiotic characteristics of the Kelp forest?

A

-cold water all year round (Northern California)
-high dissolved nutrients (upwelling)
-high O2

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10
Q

What describes the process of deep underwater ocean currents bringing nutrients up to the surface and producing a lot of growth?

A

upwelling

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11
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and dissolved Oxygen (DO)?

A

inverse relationship (colder water = more dissolved Oxygen)

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12
Q

Why is dissolved Oxygen important to underwater ecosystems? CO2?

A

DO: animals (fish, shrimp, starfish)
DCO2: plants

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13
Q

All dissolved gases are lower in ______ waters, not just CO2.

A

warmer

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14
Q

What ppm level of dissolved Oxygen supports abundant fish populations? What ppm level is too low for fish populations?

A

> 9.00ppm; <3.00ppm

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15
Q

Where are the most productive marine ecosystems found on the globe?

A

near the poles (cold places); NOT near the equator

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16
Q

Why are most marine ecosystems found in cold places?

A

there is more plant productivity in cold places that have lots of dissolved CO2 in their waters

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17
Q

What is net primary production (NPP) a measure of?

A

plant biomass

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18
Q

Where are most biodiverse terrestrial ecosystems found?

A

near the equator

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19
Q

What type of organism keeps their internal environment constant regardless of their external environment?

A

regulator (river otter)

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20
Q

What type of organism takes their internal environment and matches it with their external environment?

A

conformer (largemouth bass)

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21
Q

Do conformers’ temperatures fluctuate a lot?

A

NOT ALWAYS - might just go to the temperature they like and stay there

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22
Q

Do conformers completely give into their environment?

A

no they have some control over it—migration

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23
Q

Why is the temperature control of thermoregulates important to organisms?

A

-proper enzyme function (denaturation when it gets too hot)
-proteins

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24
Q

Why is it good for organisms to have fast acting enzymes?

A

to speed up their internal processes

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25
Q

Why doesn’t the enzymatic rate keep increasing with temperature?

A

the protein can get too hot/denature–> will lose its function & shape

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26
Q

What are the advantages of being a thermoregulator?

A

-removed from environment temperature changes
-enzymes are always functioning at their optimal level – everything happens normal and as fast as possible
-has a wider range of suitable environements

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27
Q

What are the advantages of being a thermoconformer?

A

-don’t need to spend a lot of resources/energy to keep their body temperature constant (temperature regulation requires a lot of energy)

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28
Q

What are some strategies to increase body temperature?

A

-blubber
-thick fur
-vasoconstriction - limit blood flow to extremities
-countercurrent exchange
-dormancy (hibernation)
-body positioning
-basking
-metabolism (thermogenesis)
-goosebumps
-increase metabolic rate
-shivering

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29
Q

What are some strategies to reduce body temperature?

A

-sweating
-panting
dormancy (estivation)
-body positioning
-vasodilation
-wallowing
-surface area for circulatory heat exchange
-burrowing

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30
Q

What are the three types of environmental adaptations?

A

morphological
physiological
behavioral

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31
Q

type of adaptation: involves changing a physical aspect of an organism; often related to a change in the organism’s physical environment (ex: developing wings for flight, fins for swimming, powerful legs for jumping)

A

morphological

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32
Q

type of adaptation: change affecting the way an organism naturally acts; could be a case of a change in the surrounding environment or from the actions of another species (ex: feeding habits, communication methods, reproductive strategies)

A

behavioral

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33
Q

type of adaptation: involve a physical change to a species BUT not always seen in organisms’ appearance; driven by either a change to the environment or behavior of another species (ex: developing greater intelligence; improving senses)

A

physiological

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34
Q

What is a great example of thermoregulation in North Carolina?

A

gators - stick their snouts out of frozen lake to survive

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35
Q

What happens to internal processes like respiration in a frog (thermoconformer) as temperatures drop?

A

all chemical reactions and enzymes will be acting slower

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36
Q

What happens to internal processes like respiration in a fox (thermoregulator) as temperatures drop?

A

might speed up or stay the same

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37
Q

Tradeoff of thermoregulation?

A

takes a lot of energy to be independent of your environment

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38
Q

Pro of thermoregulation?

A

can live in lots or variable environments

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39
Q

Tradeoff of thermoconformers?

A

need to live in more consistent environments or have to be able to deal with large swings in their enzyme function

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40
Q

Pro of thermoconformers?

A

they save a lot of energy and don’t have to eat very much

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41
Q

What is used to regulate an organisms internal temperature?

A

metabolism

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42
Q

What do we, as humans, use to influence our temperature?

A

metabolism

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43
Q

Humans are (regulators or conformers)?

A

regulators

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44
Q

Between what temperature range, do humans experience the least amount of metabolism?

A

between 27 and 36

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45
Q

What happens below the critical temperature?

A

animal expends energy to produce metabolic heat; metabolism increases

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46
Q

What happens above the critical temperature?

A

animal must expend energy to lose heat by panting or sweating; metabolism increases

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47
Q

Why can’t we keep increasing our metabolism forever?

A

it will cause death (hypo or hyperthermia)

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48
Q

In what zone is body temperature regulated by passive mechanisms, such as heat loss through the skin?

A

thermoneutral zone

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49
Q

Cellular respiration formula:

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + ATP

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50
Q

How are metabolic rates measured in humans?

A

stick a person on the treadmill and see how much Oxygen they consume OR CO2 they expel

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51
Q

How are metabolic rates measured in terrestrial vs aquatic animals?

A

terrestrial: stick them on treadmill like humans
aquatic: send them down to bottom of tank to do a task and then when they come up to the respiratory dome measure their O2/CO2

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52
Q

What is another name for the therm-neutral zone/lowest metabolic rate?

A

basal metabolic rate

53
Q

What is the temperature range in which metabolic rate does NOT need to rise to maintain body temperature?

A

therm-neutral zone

54
Q

Metabolic rate is the same as _______ rate.

A

respiration

55
Q

definition: how fast we burn calories (sugar)

A

metabolic rate

56
Q

Outside of therm-neutral zone (hotter or colder), what happens?

A

have to increase metabolic rate / spend more energy (why Anarticans eat 8000 calories a day)

57
Q

definition: organism whose internal temperature can be controlled by altering metabolic rate

A

endotherm

58
Q

Is metabolism the only thing endotherms use to control temperature?

A

no

59
Q

common examples of endotherms

A

all birds & mammals

60
Q

definition: body temperature is NOT controlled by metabolism

A

ectotherm

61
Q

common examples of ectotherms

A

reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates

62
Q

Since ectotherms do NOT use their metabolism to control body temperature, what do they use instead?

A

behavioral and physiological adaptations

63
Q

What is a common example of an organism that is between endotherm and ectotherm?

A

some INSECTS, particularly bumble bees:
-they shiver themselves into a warmer temperature in the mornings
-they twitch their muscles to generate heat, which by nature increases their metabolic rate

64
Q

homeo or poikilotherm:
-internal temp remains very stable
-have a small range of tolerable temps
-ALL endotherms and a few ectotherms

A

homeotherm

65
Q

homeo or poikilotherm:
-do NOT require their internal temp to remain constant
-no permanent effects (though biochemical processes will speed up or slow down with temp)

A

poikilotherm

66
Q

What needs to be true if you are an ectotherm that is a homeotherm?

A

environment needs to be stable in a tolerable range

67
Q

What is a good example of a poikilotherm?

A

organisms in the intertidal zone because they are exposed to a huge range of temperatures (alligator)

68
Q

Who needs more calories: a tiger or cat & why?

A

tiger because the bigger the size of organisms the faster their metabolic rate is

69
Q

Bigger organisms burn ____ calories over a period of time than small organisms.

A

more

70
Q

At a similar size, do endo or ectotherms have a higher metabolic rate? Why?

A

endotherms because they have to spend more energy regulating their internal body temperature while ectotherms don’t have to spend energy to conform

71
Q

Who has a larger range of body sizes: endo or ectotherms?

A

ectotherms

72
Q

What species do you expect to have a higher energy requirement per kg, a large or small endotherm?

A

small endotherm

73
Q

Why do small endotherms have higher energy requirements per kg?

A

small organisms tend to lose heat more easily due to their higher surface area to volume ratio, so they have to burn more calories to stay warm (its a lot easier for larger organisms to retain heat)

74
Q

metabolic rate of ____ endotherm: 5.62 kcal/hr/kg
metabolic rate of ____ endotherm: 1.29 kcal/hr/kg

A

small; large

75
Q

Do marine or terrestrial mammals have a higher metabolic rate?

A

marine

76
Q

Why do marine mammals have a higher metabolic rate than terrestrial?

A

water causes heat loss 25x faster than air because of its specific heat

77
Q

Does a carnivore or herbivore have a higher metabolic rate?

A

carnivore (need more energy)

78
Q

What is the smallest carnivorous marine mammal that exists?

A

sea otter

79
Q

What do sea otters mainly feed on?

A

invertebrates (clams, crabs, urchins) & they have a favorite rock

80
Q

Do sea otters tend to go on land?

A

no

81
Q

Are sea otters endo or ectotherms?

A

endotherm (really high metabolic rate)

82
Q

what animal is being described:
3.5-5 ft long
50-100 lbs
no blubber
very DENSE fur (>1M hairs/sq inch)
endotherm
need to eat 30% of their body weight every day

A

sea otter

83
Q

How do sea otters maximize heat generation?

A

thermogenesis–they skip the step of making ATP and go straight to making heat

84
Q

description: respiration that burns calories solely for heat

A

thermogenesis

85
Q

How much faster do sea otters burn calories compared to humans?

A

3x (like humans eating 15,000 calories a day)

86
Q

definition: process that transforms energy in organic molecules into ATP and heat

A

cellular respiration

87
Q

What process converts food (chemical energy) into ATP (chemical energy)?

A

cellular respiration

88
Q

Which molecule contains lots of C-C and C-H bonds with high energy electrons?

A

glucose

89
Q

Which molecule contains only C double bound to O bonds with low energy electrons?

A

carbon dioxide

90
Q

What is a common way to store potential energy?

A

a chemical bond

91
Q

When bonds are broken, what happens to the energy stored in them?

A

energy is released and can be used by cells

92
Q

Which molecule has more potential energy: glucose, starch/carbohydrate, or carbon dioxide?

A

starch/carbohydrate

93
Q

In cellular respiration, does all the energy in food turn into ATP?

A

no, energy is lost along the way

94
Q

Energy flows through biological systems according to what?

A

laws of thermodynamics

95
Q

law of thermodynamics? energy can be transferred or transformed, but not created or destroyed

A

first law of thermodynamics

96
Q

law of thermodynamics? energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

A

second law of thermodynamics

97
Q

What are some different types of energy?

A

chemical: chemical potential energy stored in molecular bonds - energy can be released when bonds are broken
electrical: based on charge/electrical gradients
solar (light): photosynthesis
thermal: kinetic energy

98
Q

If only some energy released is useful what happens to the rest?

A

most is dissipated or lost as heat

99
Q

About how much energy in the glucose that enters cellular respiration do you think is assimilated?

A

60%

100
Q

What are some ways that energy can be released as heat?

A

cellular work, biosynthesis, cellular respiration, digestion & absorption

101
Q

Thermoregulation is a ______ feedback loop.

A

negative

102
Q

_____ feedback: a system that promotes stability by counteracting a stimulus (overshoot, undershoot, overshoot)

A

negative

103
Q

What happens in thermoregulation when body temperature decreases?

A

heating mechanisms are activated (shivering) which in turn increases body temperature

104
Q

What happens in thermoregulation when body temperature increases?

A

cooling mechanisms are activated (sweating)

105
Q

When we overshoot body temperature, there is a system in place to _______ the condition.

A

stabilize

106
Q

definition: a dynamic equilibrium which is actively regulated to maintain a variable at a constant level

A

homeostasis

107
Q

Homeostasis is more of an acceptable _______ than a _____.

A

range; point

108
Q

Can the range of homeostasis vary?

A

yes, poikilotherms have a very wide range

109
Q

What organisms keep their internal conditions constant (dynamic equilibrium)?

A

regulators

110
Q

What organisms match their internal environment to their external environment?

A

conformers

111
Q

Organisms either ____ or _____ to environmental conditions like temperature.

A

regulate; conform

112
Q

Even though regulation is costly, it’s beneficial in the way it maintains ________.

A

homeostasis

113
Q

______ depend on heat exchange with the external environment and require very little food. Their internal temperature changes when the environmental temperature changes.

A

ectotherms

114
Q

What is the place where a freshwater river meets a body of saltwater?

A

estuary

115
Q

What are some unique characteristics of an estuary?

A

-brackish water
-at high tide, estuary is a LOT saltier
-really variable environment where salinity changes with the tide & organisms have to cope with the changing environment

116
Q

What do sea otters do for the majority of their day?

A

rest & feed (to keep themselves warm)

117
Q

What do sea otters not do for the majority of the day?

A

grooming / swimming (they do not waste excess energy)

118
Q

Ultimately, otters should be eating the things that give them the _____ energy gained for the ____ amount of energy spent.

A

most; least

119
Q

Predators target prey/forage based on their ability to maximize what?

A

energy gain

120
Q

Tradeoff of abalones as prey?

A

even though they contain the highest amount of calories, they take the LONGEST dive times to find

121
Q

What things do we need to account for when determining how much energy it takes to get/eat a prey item?

A

-how long it takes to find
-how deep it is
-how hard it is to open/eat
-how dangerous it is

122
Q

definition: theory that predators use foraging strategies to maximize energy gain

A

optimal foraging theory

123
Q

Relationship between dive duration and Oxygen consumed?

A

positive/direct

124
Q

What is the order of preferred otter prey items?

A

(1) cancer crab
(2) red abalone
(3) Red Sea urchin
(4) kelp crab

125
Q

What do regulators look like on a graph?

A

a fairly straight line parallel to x-axis

126
Q

What do conformers look like on a graph?

A

positively sloped line / negatively sloped line

127
Q

What does osmoregulation measure?

A

body fluid solute concentrations

128
Q

definition: the process of maintaining salt and water balance across membranes within the body

A

osmoregulation

Biology 1108 (12 decks)

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