Otter Study Guide Flashcards
definition: a condition of balance & equilibrium within an internal environment
homeostasis
definition: conditions vary around a central tendency but NEVER a constant condition
dynamic equilibrium
Is there a point or an acceptable range for homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium?
an acceptable range
_______ keep their internal conditions constant.
regulators
______ match their internal environment to their external environment.
conformers
What are the benefits of regulators?
-can live in a wide range of habitats
-enzymes are always functioning optimally
What are the benefits of conformers?
-don’t have to use as much energy or eat as much
What are the costs of regulators?
-takes a lot of energy to maintain their temperature
What are the costs of conformers?
-enzymes might not always act optimally
-limited environment range; very narrow range of habitats
Graph of internal vs external environment for conformers?
positive/negative sloped line
Graph of internal vs external environment for regulators?
line with 0 slope
What can temperature control range from?
thermoregulator to thermoconformer (most species are in between these 2)
What is the significance of temperature and enzyme function in an organism?
certain chemical reactions can only take place if at a certain temperature
_________: temperature can be controlled by biochemical processes like METABOLISM
endotherm
_______: heat source is primarily from the environment
ectotherm
What are common examples of endotherms?
birds and mammals
How does metabolic rate changes outside of the therm-neutral zone?
increases
Who has a higher metabolic rate, endotherms or ectotherms?
endotherms
Why do endotherms have higher metabolic rates?
they have to burn large quantities of fuel (food) to maintain their internal body temperature
Do larger or smaller organisms have higher metabolic rates?
larger
Do larger or smaller organisms have higher metabolic rates PER KG?
smaller
Why do smaller organisms have higher metabolic rates PER KG?
they have a higher ratio of surface area to volume; smaller organisms lose body heat faster than large organisms
Can ectotherms alter their metabolic rate?
no, but they can do lots of other things to help regulate temperature
What are common examples of ectotherms?
reptiles and amphibians
What is the most common example of an organism between endo and ectotherm?
insects that heat up parts of the body and muscle actions move
________: an animal that maintains a constant internal body temperature, usually within a narrow range of temperatures
homeotherm
________: an organism with a variable body temperature that tends to fluctuate with or is similar to the temperature of its environment
poikilotherm
What are adaptations to regulate temperature if its too HOT?
sweat, dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation), panting, shedding, burrowing, large ears (dissipate heat), go to shade, swimming, light colored skin, nocturnal
What are adaptations to regulate temperature if its too COLD?
blubber, hibernation, snuggle, shivering, constriction of blood vessels (vasoconstriction), increase metabolic rate, goosebumps, limit blood flow to extremes
What adaptations do otters have to keep themselves warm?
-thick fur (dense and water resistant)
-high caloric requirements / high metabolic rate
Why do otters have such high caloric requirements?
to generate body heat and keep themselves warm in the exceptionally cold waters
Are organisms either a regulator or conformer? Can they exist in the middle?
yes, can exist in between
Regulator and Conformer can also be used to describe other biological variables, such as?
water concentration/salinity (osmoregulator/osmoconformer)
What is the main reason thermoregulation is so important?
enzymes
______ feedback: a disturbance that promotes change that leads back towards equilibrium
negative
______ feedback: a disturbance that promotes further change towards an extreme
positive
What is a common example of a negative feedback?
predator/prey cycles (overshoot, undershoot, overshoot)
What is a common example of a positive feedback?
hormones in labor (child birth), avalanche, climate change (build, build, build, CRASH)
What law says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted into different forms?
first law of thermodynamics
What law says that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time?
second law of thermodynamics
Why is there low energy transfer between trophic levels?
only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, the rest (90%) is mostly lost through metabolic processes as heat (2nd law of thermodynamics)
What does every chemical reaction lose energy to?
heat
If a molecule has MORE bonds and is therefore larger, then it will have more what?
total energy
How does the 1st law of thermodynamics explain human metabolism?
the conversion of food into energy that is used by the body to perform activities
How do the laws of thermodynamics apply to cells and cellular functions?
while cells are ordered, the processes performed to maintain that order result in an increase in the entropy in the cell’s/organism’s surroundings
What are some abiotic characteristics of the Kelp Forest?
-cold water all year round (Northern CA)
-high dissolved nutrients in water –> result of upwelling
-high O2
Biotic characteristics of kelp forest?
-phytoplankton
-zooplankton
-marine invertebrates & mammals
Kelp is a species of macro algae (micro algae = phytoplankton), but is it classified as a plant?
no, its a brown alga part of the Protista kingdom
definition: this theory favors foraging strategies that balance the benefits of a particular food, such as energy and nutrients, with the cost of obtaining it, such as energy expenditure and risk of predation (maximize benefits & minimize costs)
optimal foraging theory
What should predators do when high quality foods become more difficult to acquire?
they should incorporate more suboptimal prey into their diet (prey swtiching)
How do you calculate preferred prey order?
net energy gain = calories gain - calories spent (want the highest energy gain!)
What kinds of things contribute to calories spent by predators when trying to attain prey?
-how hard it is to open/eat
-how deep underwater it is
-how much energy does it take to get the prey item
Order of top 4 prey items for otters?
(1) Cancer crab
(2) abalone
(3) Red Sea urchin
(4) kelp crab
What is the position of an organism in the food chain called?
trophic level
Where does most of the energy go among the trophic levels?
PRODUCERRS–>the bottom & largest level of the pyramid
In most ecosystems, where can the largest energy level and largest biomass be found? Why?
producers because they obtain their energy directly from the sun, which is the most available resource
Biotic characteristics of an urchin barren?
-drift kelp is sparse
-sea urchins are poorly nourished
-low biodiversity
Abiotic characteristics of an urchin barren?
-extremely warm water
-absence of urchin predators (ex: sea otters)
-extensive purple urchin recruitment
_____-______ regulation of food webs: size of the producer level is determined by higher trophic levels
top-down
Is the kelp forest ecosystem top-down or bottom-up control?
top-down (sea otters determine if kelp is present or not)
_____-_______ regulation: higher trophic levels are limited by primary producers
bottom-up
Is the Sonoran reset top-down or bottom-up?
bottom-up due to limiting resources in the soil/sand (no water)
In the Pacific Coast food web, which organisms would decrease with the removal of otters?
-kelp & other algae
-smaller herbivorous fishes & invertebrates
-abalones
-sessile invertebrates
-smaller predatory fishes & invertebrates
-larger crabs
-larger fishes & octopuses
In the Pacific Coast food web, which organisms would increase/not be affected with the removal of otters?
increase: sea stars & sea urchins, dead animals
no effect: drift algae, planktonic invertebrates, & planktonic algae